6.1-6.3

Question 1

emotions

Answer 1

the feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a
state or interaction that is important to self and well-being
it plays a role in communication and behavioral organization

Question 2

early emotions

Answer 2

primary emotions
self-conscious emotion

Question 3

primary emotions

Answer 3

those present in humans and other animals, emerging early in life.
* Joy, anger, sadness, fear, disgust.

Question 4

self-conscious emotions

Answer 4

require self-awareness, especially consciousness and a sense of “me.”
* Jealousy, empathy, embarrassment.

Question 5

emotional dev -smile -

Answer 5

-reflexive smile: a smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli.
-social smile: a smile in response to an external stimulus occurs after 2 month as a response to a face

Question 6

emotional dev- fear-

Answer 6

-stranger anxiety: an infant’s fear and wariness of strangers.
-Separation protest: the distressed crying of an infant when the caregiver leaves

Question 7

emotion dev -crying-

Answer 7

-basic cry: a rhythmic pattern that usually consists of a cry followed by a brief silence then a shorter whistle that is somewhat higher in pitch than the main cry then another brief rest before the next cry

-anger cry: a variation of the basic cry in which more excess air is forced through the vocal cords

-pain cry: a sudden long initial loud cry followed by breath holding; no preliminary moaning is present

Question 8

emotion regulation and coping

Answer 8

Infants develop an ability to inhibit or minimize, the intensity and duration of emotional reactions.
-Caregivers’ actions and contexts influence emotion regulation.
* Soothing a crying infant helps the infant develop an adaptive emotion regulation, a sense of trust, and a secure attachment to the caregiver.

Question 9

temperament

Answer 9

individual differences in behavioral styles,
emotions, and characteristic ways of responding.

Question 10

chess and Thomas’s classification of temperament -3-

Answer 10

-easy child: generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experience

-difficult child: reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.

-slow-to-warm-up-child: has a low activity level, is somewhat negative and displays a low-intensity of mood.

Question 11

kagan’s behavioral inhibition

Answer 11

• Focuses on differences between a shy, subdued, timid child—an inhibited child—and the sociable, extraverted, bold child.
• Inhibited children react to many aspects of unfamiliarity with initial avoidance, distress, or subdued affect

Question 12

Rothbart and bates’ classification -3-

Answer 12

• Extraversion/surgency includes approach, pleasure, activity, smiling, and laughter—Kagan’s uninhibited children.
• Negative affectivity includes fear, frustration, sadness, and discomfort; these children are easily distressed—Kagan’s inhibited, children.
• Effortful control includes attentional focusing and shifting, inhibitory control, perceptual sensitivity, and low-intensity pleasure.

Question 13

goodness of fit

Answer 13

the match between a child’s temperament and
the environmental demands with which the child must cope.

Question 14

personality dev

Answer 14

-According to Erikson, the stage of the first year of life is trust versus mistrust—an issue that arises again at each successive stage of development.

-Infants begin to develop a self-understanding called
self-recognition at about 18 months of age. sense of “me”

-Independence becomes important in the second year, in Erikson’s stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt.