6.3 Psychological Influences On The Team

Question 1

Define social inhibition

Answer 1

The negative effects due to the presence of others

Question 2

Define social facilitation

Answer 2

Positive effects due to the presence of others

Question 3

According to Zajonc there are 4 types of people present in sport. What are they ?

Answer 3

An audience
Competitions
Social reinforcers
Co-actors

Question 4

There are two types of passive people present according to Zajonc. Who are they ?

Answer 4

Co-actors and the audience are passive as they cause an increase in arousal but are not involved in the event.

Question 5

According to Zajonc there are two groups of people that are interactive. Who are they ?

Answer 5

Competitors and social reinforcers have more of a direct impact on performers as they offer encouragement or distractions.

Question 6

Explain why an expert is more likely to have social facilitation.

Answer 6

• experts have well learned and accurate dominant responses

- when under pressure and high arousal this response becomes automatic, simple and correct

Question 7

Explain why novices or beginners are more likely to suffer form social inhibition.

Answer 7

• Novices have poorly learnt or inaccurate dominant response
• when under pressure or high arousal this response becomes automatic, complex and incorrect

Question 8

Define evaluation apprehension

Answer 8

It is the fear of being judged

Question 9

Outline what is meant by evaluation apprehension

Answer 9

• the negative influence of others if the performer feels they are being watched
• high arousal could be created by being watched by important or expert people
• if you are up confident you may feel high levels of arousal

Question 10

Evaluation apprehension is worse if…

Answer 10

• the audience is known to the reformer
• the audience is critical
• the audience contains important people e.g. scouts
• the performer is lacking in confidence

Question 11

How can social inhibition be prevented

Answer 11

• getting player familiar with playing in front of a crowd e.g training with a crowd
• gradually introducing analysis e.g informal chats moving to statistical analysis
• improving focus and concentration e.g. players focusing on key info rather than the audience
• lowering arousal levels e.g. imagery, visualisation and stress management
• decreasing the importance of the event
• peer support groups

Question 12

A group has 4 features what are they ?

Answer 12

Collective identity
Interaction between group members
Communication
Shared objectives or a common goal

Question 13

Explain what is meant by collective identitiy

Answer 13

• the team can easily be recognised usually because they are wearing the same colour kit
• this develops affiliation which creates motivation, pride and a sense of belonging

Question 14

Explain what is meant by interaction within a team

Answer 14

• the way that players work together to complete a task

- e.g are they loud or quiet? Are they playful or serious

Question 15

Explain what is meant by communication within a team

Answer 15

• how the individuals within a team communicate to help with interaction
• verbal or non- verbal
  E.g. coded plays

Question 16

Explain what is meant by a shared goal or purpose

Answer 16

• the prospect of success keeps players working for each other to help reach their shared goal
• helps raise motivation

Question 17

Tuckmans model of group formation has 4 parts. Name all 4 in order.

Answer 17

1. Forming
2. Storming
3. Norming
4. Performing

Question 18

Name and explain the first stage of Tuckman’s model of group formation

Answer 18

Stage 1 - Forming

• Players are getting to know each other, players establish each other’s strengths and weaknesses.
• develop social relationships
• reliant on coach to bring the group together
• figure out common goal

Question 19

Name and explain the second stage of Tuckman’s model of group formation

Answer 19

Stage 2 - storming

• infighting and conflict as people establish their roles and responsibilities
• confrontation with leaders

Question 20

Name and explain the third stage of Tuckman’s model of group formation

Answer 20

Stage 3 - Norming

• cooperation as conflicts are resolved
• team begins to unify and working together towards their shared goals
• standard/norms are accepted as cohesion develops
• motivation and success rise

Question 21

Name and explain the fourth stage of Tuckman’s model of group formation

Answer 21

Stage 4 - Performing

• common goals, success, team supports each other and understand their roles
• motivation and enjoyment is high
• respect for other members and leaders is high

Question 22

Define cohesion

Answer 22

forces acting to keep members within a group integrated and focused

Question 23

Define TASK cohesion

Answer 23

cohesiveness from success (results and outcome based

Question 24

Define SOCIAL cohesion

Answer 24

cohesiveness leads to success ( working together/interaction)

Question 25

Define interaction

Answer 25

When individuals within the group have different roles that need to be integrated together

Question 26

Define coaction

Answer 26

when others do the task at the same time but separately

Question 27

What is carrons antecedents

Answer 27

Factors that affect cohesion
Environmental factors- group size, time available, age, gender
Personal factors- opinions, values, happiness p, fitness
Team factors- desire for success=more success=cohesion, shared experiences and goals
Leadership factors- leadership style shown by coach or captain

Question 28

What is steiners model

Answer 28

Actual productivity = potential productivity - losses due to faulty processes

Question 29

Define social loafing

Answer 29

Reduction in motivation and individual effort/ individual hides within a group/ coasts

Question 30

Define the ringelmann effect

Answer 30

As group size increases the individual contribution decreases

Question 31

What is a goal

Answer 31

An aim or desired result

Question 32

What is an outcome goal

Answer 32

A goal based on results and the performance of others

Question 33

What is a performance goal

Answer 33

A goal focusing on achieving a better performance

Question 34

What is a process goal

Answer 34

Based on improving technique or strategy

Question 35

What are the benefits of goal setting

Answer 35

• allows targets to be met
• builds confidence levels
• provides motivation
• become NACH + task persistent
• lowers arousal/anxiety
• reduces social loafing
• sustains effort
• increases commitment

Question 36

What does SMARTER stand for

Answer 36

Specific 
Measurable 
Achievable 
Realistic 
Time bound 
Evaluate 
Re-do

Question 37

Why shouldn’t a Performer use solely outcome goals

Answer 37

• If outcome goals are not achieved then they can decrease confidence and motivation
• process and performance goals improve performance technique and motivation as they are more easily achieved