6.3 Psychological Influences On The Team Flashcards
Define social inhibition
The negative effects due to the presence of others
Define social facilitation
Positive effects due to the presence of others
According to Zajonc there are 4 types of people present in sport. What are they ?
An audience
Competitions
Social reinforcers
Co-actors
There are two types of passive people present according to Zajonc. Who are they ?
Co-actors and the audience are passive as they cause an increase in arousal but are not involved in the event.
According to Zajonc there are two groups of people that are interactive. Who are they ?
Competitors and social reinforcers have more of a direct impact on performers as they offer encouragement or distractions.
Explain why an expert is more likely to have social facilitation.
- experts have well learned and accurate dominant responses
- when under pressure and high arousal this response becomes automatic, simple and correct
Explain why novices or beginners are more likely to suffer form social inhibition.
- Novices have poorly learnt or inaccurate dominant response
- when under pressure or high arousal this response becomes automatic, complex and incorrect
Define evaluation apprehension
It is the fear of being judged
Outline what is meant by evaluation apprehension
- the negative influence of others if the performer feels they are being watched
- high arousal could be created by being watched by important or expert people
- if you are up confident you may feel high levels of arousal
Evaluation apprehension is worse if…
- the audience is known to the reformer
- the audience is critical
- the audience contains important people e.g. scouts
- the performer is lacking in confidence
How can social inhibition be prevented
- getting player familiar with playing in front of a crowd e.g training with a crowd
- gradually introducing analysis e.g informal chats moving to statistical analysis
- improving focus and concentration e.g. players focusing on key info rather than the audience
- lowering arousal levels e.g. imagery, visualisation and stress management
- decreasing the importance of the event
- peer support groups
A group has 4 features what are they ?
Collective identity
Interaction between group members
Communication
Shared objectives or a common goal
Explain what is meant by collective identitiy
- the team can easily be recognised usually because they are wearing the same colour kit
- this develops affiliation which creates motivation, pride and a sense of belonging
Explain what is meant by interaction within a team
- the way that players work together to complete a task
- e.g are they loud or quiet? Are they playful or serious
Explain what is meant by communication within a team
- how the individuals within a team communicate to help with interaction
- verbal or non- verbal
E.g. coded plays
Explain what is meant by a shared goal or purpose
- the prospect of success keeps players working for each other to help reach their shared goal
- helps raise motivation
Tuckmans model of group formation has 4 parts. Name all 4 in order.
- Forming
- Storming
- Norming
- Performing
Name and explain the first stage of Tuckman’s model of group formation
Stage 1 - Forming
- Players are getting to know each other, players establish each other’s strengths and weaknesses.
- develop social relationships
- reliant on coach to bring the group together
- figure out common goal
Name and explain the second stage of Tuckman’s model of group formation
Stage 2 - storming
- infighting and conflict as people establish their roles and responsibilities
- confrontation with leaders
Name and explain the third stage of Tuckman’s model of group formation
Stage 3 - Norming
- cooperation as conflicts are resolved
- team begins to unify and working together towards their shared goals
- standard/norms are accepted as cohesion develops
- motivation and success rise
Name and explain the fourth stage of Tuckman’s model of group formation
Stage 4 - Performing
- common goals, success, team supports each other and understand their roles
- motivation and enjoyment is high
- respect for other members and leaders is high
Define cohesion
forces acting to keep members within a group integrated and focused
Define TASK cohesion
cohesiveness from success (results and outcome based
Define SOCIAL cohesion
cohesiveness leads to success ( working together/interaction)
Define interaction
When individuals within the group have different roles that need to be integrated together
Define coaction
when others do the task at the same time but separately
What is carrons antecedents
Factors that affect cohesion
Environmental factors- group size, time available, age, gender
Personal factors- opinions, values, happiness p, fitness
Team factors- desire for success=more success=cohesion, shared experiences and goals
Leadership factors- leadership style shown by coach or captain
What is steiners model
Actual productivity = potential productivity - losses due to faulty processes
Define social loafing
Reduction in motivation and individual effort/ individual hides within a group/ coasts
Define the ringelmann effect
As group size increases the individual contribution decreases
What is a goal
An aim or desired result
What is an outcome goal
A goal based on results and the performance of others
What is a performance goal
A goal focusing on achieving a better performance
What is a process goal
Based on improving technique or strategy
What are the benefits of goal setting
- allows targets to be met
- builds confidence levels
- provides motivation
- become NACH + task persistent
- lowers arousal/anxiety
- reduces social loafing
- sustains effort
- increases commitment
What does SMARTER stand for
Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic Time bound Evaluate Re-do
Why shouldn’t a Performer use solely outcome goals
- If outcome goals are not achieved then they can decrease confidence and motivation
- process and performance goals improve performance technique and motivation as they are more easily achieved
