6.1 Psychological influences on the individual Flashcards
Define personality
A persons unique psychological make up
Define the trait theory
A theory which suggests that innate characteristics produce consistent behaviour
Negatives of the trait theory
Behaviour isn’t always the same in every situation
It doesn’t account for personality and behaviour change
Define the social learning theory
A theory that suggests that behaviour is learnt through socialisation
What’s the social learning approach
Observe —> identify —> reinforce —> copy
Behaviour is learnt when it is seen as successful and powerful
We observe others and copy them
Give an example of this
Young footballers copy the celebrations of professional players
Define the interactionist perspective
A theory which combines trait and social learning theories to predict behaviour in certain situations
Behaviour can be influenced by both _______ and ________ influences
Genetic
Environmental
What is Lewin’s formula
B = f(P x E)
Behaviour is a function of personality an environment
What is the Hollander approach
The Hollander approach suggested that personality is made up of 3 features: the core, typical responses and role related behaviour
What is the “core”
Stable and solid beliefs and values that a player has
What are “typical responses”
The usual responses a player would make in a situation
What is “role related behaviour”
Changes from the typical response depending on the situations demands
Define credulous approach
When the link between personality and behaviour is accepted
Define the sceptical approach
When the he link between personality and behaviour is doubted
Give 3 examples of how the interactionist perspective can improve the performance
1 the coach could predict potential aggressive behaviour and substitute the player before they are sin binned
2 Could be used to improve training, a nervous playing could learn to cope with being watched by a crowed by being observed at training
3 Could be used to adapt to certain circumstances, the coach could advise the players on how to stay calm before a penalty
Define an attitude
A value aimed at an attitude object
Or
A value or belief aimed at something
How are attitudes formed
Through socialisation
Define socialisation
Beliefs and values learnt by associating with others
Attitudes are made up of 3 parts known as the triad in model, what are they?
Cognitive
Affective
Behavioural
What does CAB stand for
C cognitive
A affective
B behavioural
What is the cognitive part of the Triadic model?
Your thoughts and beliefs
What is the affective part of the triadic model?
It is your FEELINGS and EMOTIONAL RESPONSES
What is the behavioural part of the triadic model ?
Your ACTIONS and INTENDED BEHAVIOUR
What two concepts can be used to change attitudes ?
Cognitive dissonance
Persuasive communication
What is cognitive dissonance ?
When new information is presented to cause disharmony in your thoughts.
What is persuasive communication ?
Talking somebody into changing their attitudes
Negative attitudes can be changed to positive attitudes by…
- persuasion from a ‘perceived expert’
- making training fun
- allowing early success
- using positive reinforcement
- pointing out benefits
- using role models
- cognitive dissonance
Define arousal
A level of activation, a degree of readiness to perform
Name 3 theories of arousal and performance
Drive theory
Inverted-u theory
Catastrophe theory
Explain the drive theory
As arousal increases so does performance, in a linear fashion.
P = f(D x H)
Limitations to the drive theory
- increased arousal does not always improve performance
- at high arousal less info is processed
Define dominant response
The stand-out response that the performer thinks is correct
Explain the inverted-u theory
Increased arousal improves performance to an optimal point at moderate levels but after that performance decreases.
Both _____ arousal and _____ arousal can be equally bad for performance
Under, over
Define the zone of optimal functioning
Area of controlled arousal and high performance which varies from player to player.
