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mod 6 > 6.3 > Flashcards

6.3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a composite material

A

2 or more materials combined to form a stronger compound

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2
Q

what are composite materials made of generally

A

a matrix which is the bonding substance and a reinforcing material

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3
Q

what are some advantages of composite materials

A

high strength to weight ratio, longer service life, higher corrosion resistance

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4
Q

what are some disadvantages of composite materials

A

inspection methods are difficult to do, there is little to no knowledge and experience, lack of standardised methods

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5
Q

what are the most common types of fibreglass

A

E-glass and S-glass

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6
Q

what is the commercial name for aramid

A

kevlar

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7
Q

what is aramid sensitive to

A

ultra violet light

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8
Q

what are the characteristics of aramid reinforcing fibres

A

low density, extremely flexible, high tensile strength, high toughness

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9
Q

what are the characteristics of carbon fibre reinforcing fibres

A

very strong and rigid but corrodes rapidly when bonded to aluminium

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10
Q

why is boron fibres not used in commercial aviation

A

too expensive and very hazardous

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11
Q

where are ceramic fibres used and why

A

high temperature areas because they are heat resistant

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12
Q

what direction is warp

A

the length of fabric as it comes off the roll

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13
Q

what direction is weft

A

perpendicular to warp

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14
Q

what direction is the bias

A

diagonally across warp and weft

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15
Q

what is the selvage edge

A

the edge that keeps the fabric from unwinding

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16
Q

what are mats

A

chopped fibres compressed together

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17
Q

what are the three main types of weave

A

plain, twill and satin

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18
Q

what is the resin matrix

A

the bonding material that surrounds the fibres

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19
Q

what are the two types of plastic

A

thermoset and thermoplastics

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20
Q

what is the difference between thermoplastic and thermoset

A

thermoplastic can be reversed when heated

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21
Q

what are epoxy resins used for and what type of plastic are they

A

thermoset and used for bonding non porous and dissimilar materials

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22
Q

what are pre impregnated fabrics

A

fabrics that already have the correct amount of resin saturated into it already

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23
Q

what are the advantages of pre impregnated fabrics

A

doesn’t produce resin rich or resin lean as mixture has been mixed correctly and very accurately

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24
Q

what are the disadvantages of pre impregnated fabrics

A

very short life span and must be kept in the freezer

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25
Q

what is a laminated composite

A

2 or more layers of reinforcing material bonded embedded together and embedded in a resin matrix

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26
Q

what is a sandwich composite

A

a core bonded between 2 thin face sheets

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27
Q

what is the most common form for the core material

A

honeycomb

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28
Q

what are the 2 forms transparent is manufactured in

A

monolithic and laminated

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29
Q

what are the advantages of plastics

A

light, cheap, corrosion resistant

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30
Q

what are the 2 forms of sealant

A

one part and two part

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31
Q

which form of sealant needs an accelerator

A

two part

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32
Q

what are some common defects of composites from manufacturing

A

anomalies caused by improper curing process, micro cracking, delaminations from poor processing

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33
Q

what are some defects in composites from service

A

impact damage, fatigue, cracks from local overload

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34
Q

what are the three main problems for honeycomb structures

A

low resistance to local impact, liquid ingression, erosion

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35
Q

what does liquid ingression in honeycomb lead to

A

change in mass, freezing of water which splits the layers, degradation of core materials

36
Q

what is a NDT

A

a non destructive test

37
Q

what NDT doesn’t need any equipment and is the primary inspection

A

visual inspection

38
Q

what are the three different types of audible testing

A

coin, hammer and instrumented tap testing

39
Q

what are the 4 most common ultrasonic inspection techniques

A

transmission, pulse echo, ultrasonic, phased array

40
Q

what does a radiography inspection reveal

A

the inside of the composite material

41
Q

what does a thermograph test for and what is the reaction

A

defects in composites which do not conduct heat as well as areas not affected

42
Q

what are the 3 categories of damage

A

negligible, repairable and non repairable

43
Q

what are cosmetic defects

A

defects that are on the outer surface and don’t affect the structure

44
Q

what are the five basic categories of composite repairs

A

pre cured patches, potted, resin injection, laminate repair on one surface, laminate repair through part

45
Q

what are bolted and bonded surface patches classed as and why

A

temporary repairs because they don’t restore the full strength characteristics and affect aerodynamics

46
Q

what is fundamental for the success of a composite repair

A

surface preparation

47
Q

what are the 4 major types of plastic failure

A

environmental, thermal, chemical, mechanical

48
Q

what is crazing

A

an optical defect that indicates separation or parting of plastic

49
Q

what needs to be done for scratches on plastic

A

only sand it if its necessary or try and buff it out

50
Q

what can be done to plastics when they crack

A

use 1/8 inch drill bit to drill at extremities to stop propagation

51
Q

what is the standard for wood

A

Sitka spruce

52
Q

what are the characteristics of wood

A

way its cut, how the grain is shaped, annual growth rings and slope of grain

53
Q

what is the normal cut for wood

A

quarter sawn

54
Q

what other wood can be used as a direct replacement for Sitka spruce

A

Douglas fir

55
Q

what type of wood cannot be a direct replacement for Sitka spruce and why

A

yellow poplar because it is not as strong

56
Q

what can be used to show the grain slope on woods

A

free flowing ink

57
Q

where are pitch pockets allowed in wood

A

in the centre of the beam

58
Q

what does a knot do

A

significantly compromises the rings in the wood

59
Q

what causes compression wood and can it be used in aircraft

A

tree leaning whilst growing and it cannot be used

60
Q

what causes compression failures in wood and can it be used in aircraft

A

tree fell on log or uneven ground and it cannot be used

61
Q

what problems can occur in wood due to poor drying

A

splits, checks and shakes

62
Q

why can casein glue not be used anymore

A

it breaks apart the modern adhesives

63
Q

what is the bonding process for wood

A

prep the surface, utilise good glue prepared correctly and perform a good bonding technique

64
Q

what must happen on a test piece when its broken apart

A

more than 75% of the fibres of the wood are still connected to the glued surface

65
Q

what is the moisture content in kiln dried woods

A

70%

66
Q

what are the 3 common access methods for inspecting fabric structures

A

wood frames, zip panels and spring panels

67
Q

what is the only thing that degrades polyester fabric

A

ultra violet light

68
Q

what are the 2 types of fabric testers

A

maule punch test and seyboth punch test

69
Q

what type of fabric tester works on the traffic light system

A

seyboth punch test

70
Q

what does the rate of deterioration of fabric depend on

A

climate, humidity and storage conditions

71
Q

what type of stitch is used for straight cuts

A

herringbone stitch

72
Q

what is darning

A

adding warp and weft into a void to fill a hole

73
Q

what is the preffered method of repair for fabrics

A

scarf patch

74
Q

what does a nitrate dope do to a fabric

A

tightens and stiffens the fabric stretched over frames

75
Q

what can be added to a dope to protect against ultraviolet light

A

aluminium

76
Q

what is the unidirectional style of fabric

A

major fibres run in the warp direction

77
Q

what is the bidirectional style of fabric

A

fibres run in 2 or more directions

78
Q

what is the quasi-isotropic lay up style of fabric

A

stacking of fibres at a 45° or 60° intervals

79
Q

what is the damage assessment and repair process for composites

A

1 Find the damage - clean the damaged area and remove surface coatings.
2 Assess the extent of the damage - use visual and NDI techniques and mark out the damaged area.
3 Define the repair procedure by referring to Structural Repair Manual (SRM).
4 Prepare the new repair plies or patch.
5 Lay-up plies or install patch repair.
6 Clean up the repair area and restore the external finish.
7 Inspect repair for structural integrity (use NDI, if required).
8 Document and reference the repair carried out.

80
Q

what is a potted repair and what are its limitations

A

filling a small hole with a filler mixture can only be used on damage up to 1 inch

81
Q

what type of repair can repair minor internal delamination and how

A

resin injection by injecting a resin mixture into the delaminated area

82
Q

what needs to be done to repair damage to laminate from one side

A

remove the damage and prepare bonding patches that get bigger each time, layer them over each other until they reach the top then make sure there is a overlap of 1 inch

83
Q

what needs to be done to repair damage to laminate that is through the part

A

start a step cut from both sides until they meet then insert patches and make sure that one side has 1 inch overlap at the end

84
Q

what is the worst type of wood knot

A

spike knot

85
Q

what are the most common wood spars

A

box beam, I beam spar, C section spar, plain rectangular spar, routed box spar

86
Q

when repairing a spar what thickness must the reinforcing plates be

A

one quarter as thick as the spar

mod 6 (10 decks)

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