6.2.5: Organic synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

How to get from a or aldehyde ketone to a hydroxynitrile?

A

Add HCN or KCN/H⁺

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2
Q

What do you get if you add HCN to a ketone?

A

A hydroxynitrile

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3
Q

How to reduce a ketone/aldehyde to an alcohol?

A

NaBH₄

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4
Q

How to oxidise a primary alcohol to an aldehyde?

A
  • Cr₂O₇²⁻ /H⁺

* Distillation

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5
Q

How to oxidise a primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid?

A
  • Cr₂O₇²⁻ /H⁺

* Reflux

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6
Q

How to oxidise a secondary alcohol to a ketone?

A
  • Cr₂O₇²⁻ /H⁺

* Reflux

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7
Q

How to get an ester from a carboxylic acid?

A
  • Alcohol
  • H₂SO₄ catalyst
  • Heat under reflux
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8
Q

How to get an ester from an alcohol?

A
  • Carboxylic acid
  • H₂SO₄
  • Heat under reflux
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9
Q

How to get from a carboxylic acid to an acyl chloride?

A

Add SOCl₂

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10
Q

What happens if you add H₂O to an acyl chloride?

A

Get a carboxylic acid

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11
Q

What happens if you add alcohol to an acyl chloride?

A

Get ester + HCl

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12
Q

How to get a 1° amide from an acyl chloride?

A

Add NH₃

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13
Q

How to get a 2° amide from an acyl chloride?

A

Add CH₃NH₂

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14
Q

How to get an amine from a haloalkane?

A

Ethanol NH₃, warm

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15
Q

What happens if you add ethanol NH₃ to a haloalkane?

A

Get an amine

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16
Q

How to get from an amine to a nitrile?

A

Add phosphorus oxide (P₄O₁₀)

17
Q

What happens when you add KCN (in NaOH) to a haloalkane?

A

Get a nitrile

18
Q

How to get an alcohol from a haloalkane?

A

Add NaOH, reflux

19
Q

How to get an alcohol from an ester?

A

Acid or base hydrolysis

Heat, reflux

20
Q

How to get a carboxylic acid from an ester?

A

Acid or base hydrolysis

Heat, reflux

21
Q

How to get an alcohol from an alkene?

A

Hydration (steam)

H₃PO₄ catalyst

22
Q

How to get an alkene from an alcohol?

A

H₃PO₄

heat

23
Q

How to get an alkane from an alkene?

A

Hydrogenation
• 150°
• H₂
• Nickel catalyst

24
Q

How to get a haloalkane from an alkane?

A

UV

X₂

25
Q

How to get a haloalkane from an alkene?

A

HX or X₂

26
Q

How to get chlorobenzene from benzene?

A

Cl₂/AlCl₃

Electrophilic substitution

27
Q

How to get bromobenzene from benzene?

A

Br₂/FeBr₃

Electrophilic substitution

28
Q

How to get nitrobenzene from benzene?

A

• conc H₂SO₄
• conc HNO₃
• 50°C
Electrophilic substitution

29
Q

How to get phenylamine from nitrobenzene?

A
  • Sn/ conc. Hal
  • Reflux
  • Reduction
30
Q

How to get phenyl ammonium chloride from phenylamine?

A

Add HCl

/Acid/base

31
Q

How to get phenol from benzene?

A
  • First get chlorobenzene

* Then add OH⁻ via the phenoxide ion

32
Q

How to get sodium phenoxide from phenol?

A

Add NaOH

/acid/base

33
Q

How to get tribromophenol from phenol?

A

Add Br₂

34
Q

How to add alkyl group to benzene?

A

Friedel Crafts Alkylation
• Haloalkane
• AlCl₃
gives HCl also

35
Q

How to add acyl chloride to benzene?

A

Friedel Crafts Acylation
• Acyl chloride
• Halogen carrier catalyst
gives HCl also