6.2.5: Organic synthesis Flashcards
How to get from a or aldehyde ketone to a hydroxynitrile?
Add HCN or KCN/H⁺
What do you get if you add HCN to a ketone?
A hydroxynitrile
How to reduce a ketone/aldehyde to an alcohol?
NaBH₄
How to oxidise a primary alcohol to an aldehyde?
- Cr₂O₇²⁻ /H⁺
* Distillation
How to oxidise a primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid?
- Cr₂O₇²⁻ /H⁺
* Reflux
How to oxidise a secondary alcohol to a ketone?
- Cr₂O₇²⁻ /H⁺
* Reflux
How to get an ester from a carboxylic acid?
- Alcohol
- H₂SO₄ catalyst
- Heat under reflux
How to get an ester from an alcohol?
- Carboxylic acid
- H₂SO₄
- Heat under reflux
How to get from a carboxylic acid to an acyl chloride?
Add SOCl₂
What happens if you add H₂O to an acyl chloride?
Get a carboxylic acid
What happens if you add alcohol to an acyl chloride?
Get ester + HCl
How to get a 1° amide from an acyl chloride?
Add NH₃
How to get a 2° amide from an acyl chloride?
Add CH₃NH₂
How to get an amine from a haloalkane?
Ethanol NH₃, warm
What happens if you add ethanol NH₃ to a haloalkane?
Get an amine
How to get from an amine to a nitrile?
Add phosphorus oxide (P₄O₁₀)
What happens when you add KCN (in NaOH) to a haloalkane?
Get a nitrile
How to get an alcohol from a haloalkane?
Add NaOH, reflux
How to get an alcohol from an ester?
Acid or base hydrolysis
Heat, reflux
How to get a carboxylic acid from an ester?
Acid or base hydrolysis
Heat, reflux
How to get an alcohol from an alkene?
Hydration (steam)
H₃PO₄ catalyst
How to get an alkene from an alcohol?
H₃PO₄
heat
How to get an alkane from an alkene?
Hydrogenation
• 150°
• H₂
• Nickel catalyst
How to get a haloalkane from an alkane?
UV
X₂
How to get a haloalkane from an alkene?
HX or X₂
How to get chlorobenzene from benzene?
Cl₂/AlCl₃
Electrophilic substitution
How to get bromobenzene from benzene?
Br₂/FeBr₃
Electrophilic substitution
How to get nitrobenzene from benzene?
• conc H₂SO₄
• conc HNO₃
• 50°C
Electrophilic substitution
How to get phenylamine from nitrobenzene?
- Sn/ conc. Hal
- Reflux
- Reduction
How to get phenyl ammonium chloride from phenylamine?
Add HCl
/Acid/base
How to get phenol from benzene?
- First get chlorobenzene
* Then add OH⁻ via the phenoxide ion
How to get sodium phenoxide from phenol?
Add NaOH
/acid/base
How to get tribromophenol from phenol?
Add Br₂
How to add alkyl group to benzene?
Friedel Crafts Alkylation
• Haloalkane
• AlCl₃
gives HCl also
How to add acyl chloride to benzene?
Friedel Crafts Acylation
• Acyl chloride
• Halogen carrier catalyst
gives HCl also
