6.2.5: Organic synthesis

Question 1

How to get from a or aldehyde ketone to a hydroxynitrile?

Answer 1

Add HCN or KCN/H⁺

Question 2

What do you get if you add HCN to a ketone?

Answer 2

A hydroxynitrile

Question 3

How to reduce a ketone/aldehyde to an alcohol?

Answer 3

NaBH₄

Question 4

How to oxidise a primary alcohol to an aldehyde?

Answer 4

• Cr₂O₇²⁻ /H⁺

* Distillation

Question 5

How to oxidise a primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid?

Answer 5

• Cr₂O₇²⁻ /H⁺

* Reflux

Question 6

How to oxidise a secondary alcohol to a ketone?

Answer 6

• Cr₂O₇²⁻ /H⁺

* Reflux

Question 7

How to get an ester from a carboxylic acid?

Answer 7

• Alcohol
• H₂SO₄ catalyst
• Heat under reflux

Question 8

How to get an ester from an alcohol?

Answer 8

• Carboxylic acid
• H₂SO₄
• Heat under reflux

Question 9

How to get from a carboxylic acid to an acyl chloride?

Answer 9

Add SOCl₂

Question 10

What happens if you add H₂O to an acyl chloride?

Answer 10

Get a carboxylic acid

Question 11

What happens if you add alcohol to an acyl chloride?

Answer 11

Get ester + HCl

Question 12

How to get a 1° amide from an acyl chloride?

Answer 12

Add NH₃

Question 13

How to get a 2° amide from an acyl chloride?

Answer 13

Add CH₃NH₂

Question 14

How to get an amine from a haloalkane?

Answer 14

Ethanol NH₃, warm

Question 15

What happens if you add ethanol NH₃ to a haloalkane?

Answer 15

Get an amine

Question 16

How to get from an amine to a nitrile?

Answer 16

Add phosphorus oxide (P₄O₁₀)

Question 17

What happens when you add KCN (in NaOH) to a haloalkane?

Answer 17

Get a nitrile

Question 18

How to get an alcohol from a haloalkane?

Answer 18

Add NaOH, reflux

Question 19

How to get an alcohol from an ester?

Answer 19

Acid or base hydrolysis

Heat, reflux

Question 20

How to get a carboxylic acid from an ester?

Answer 20

Acid or base hydrolysis

Heat, reflux

Question 21

How to get an alcohol from an alkene?

Answer 21

Hydration (steam)

H₃PO₄ catalyst

Question 22

How to get an alkene from an alcohol?

Answer 22

H₃PO₄

heat

Question 23

How to get an alkane from an alkene?

Answer 23

Hydrogenation
• 150°
• H₂
• Nickel catalyst

Question 24

How to get a haloalkane from an alkane?

Answer 24

UV

X₂

Question 25

How to get a haloalkane from an alkene?

Answer 25

HX or X₂

Question 26

How to get chlorobenzene from benzene?

Answer 26

Cl₂/AlCl₃ | Electrophilic substitution

Question 27

How to get bromobenzene from benzene?

Answer 27

Br₂/FeBr₃ | Electrophilic substitution

Question 28

How to get nitrobenzene from benzene?

Answer 28

• conc H₂SO₄ • conc HNO₃ • 50°C Electrophilic substitution

Question 29

How to get phenylamine from nitrobenzene?

Answer 29

* Sn/ conc. Hal * Reflux * Reduction

Question 30

How to get phenyl ammonium chloride from phenylamine?

Answer 30

Add HCl | /Acid/base

Question 31

How to get phenol from benzene?

Answer 31

* First get chlorobenzene | * Then add OH⁻ via the phenoxide ion

Question 32

How to get sodium phenoxide from phenol?

Answer 32

Add NaOH | /acid/base

Question 33

How to get tribromophenol from phenol?

Answer 33

Add Br₂

Question 34

How to add alkyl group to benzene?

Answer 34

Friedel Crafts Alkylation • Haloalkane • AlCl₃ gives HCl also

Question 35

How to add acyl chloride to benzene?

Answer 35

Friedel Crafts Acylation • Acyl chloride • Halogen carrier catalyst gives HCl also