4.1.1: Basic concepts of organic chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

A compound containing only hydrogen and carbon.

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2
Q

Functional group

A

An atom or a group of atoms responsible for determining the chemical properties of a molecule.

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3
Q

Homologous series

A

A series of organic compounds which have the same functional group. Each successive member differs by CH₂

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4
Q

Aromatic molecule

A

Contain a benzene ring (C₆H₆)
“Arenes”
High degree of unsaturation

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5
Q

Aliphatic molecules

A

Molecules which do not contain a benzene ring

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6
Q

Empirical formula

A

Simplest integer ratio of the atoms

e.g. C₂H₅ for C₄H₁₀

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7
Q

Sterioisomerism

A

Molecules that have the same structural formulae but a different arrangement in 3D.

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8
Q

E/Z isomerism

A

Substituent groups are arranged differently with respect to the double bond.
• E = “Entgegen”: opposite sides of the double bond
• Z = “Zusammen”: same side of the double bond

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9
Q

How is the double bond split to work out E/Z isomerism?

A

With a HORIZONTAL line

This fits between the two lines representing the double bond

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10
Q

Optical isomers

A

Molecules that are mirror images of each other but cannot be superimposed.

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11
Q

Isomers

A

Molecules with the same kinds and numbers of atoms joined up in different ways.

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12
Q

Structural isomers

A

Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of structural isomers?

A

1) Chain
2) Position
3) Functional group

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14
Q

What are ‘chain’ isomers?

A

Molecules that have different arrangements of their carbon skeleton.
• Chemical properties are the same
• Physical properties are different

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15
Q

What are ‘position’ isomers?

A

• Same carbon skeleton
• Same functional group, but placed in different position
⟶ Similar chemical properties
⟶ Different physical properties

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16
Q

What are ‘functional group’ isomers?

A

• Same molecular formulae
• Different functional group
⟶ Different chemical properties
⟶ Different physical properties

17
Q

General formula for alkanes

A

C𝒏H2𝒏+2

18
Q

More branching = ______ boiling point

A

Lower boiling point
∵ smaller SA for mutual polarisation
Weaker intermolecular forces
Less energy needed to break forces

19
Q

Alicyclic

A

An aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings.

20
Q

Homolytic fission

A

When a bond breaks and each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonded pair, forming two radicals.

21
Q

Heterolytic fission

A

When a bond breaks and on of the bonding atoms receives both electrons from the pair.

22
Q

Radical

A

A species with an unpaired electron.