6.1.2 Carbonyl Compounds Flashcards
what are the 2 carbonyls
aldehydes and ketones
what are carbonyls
contain the carbonyl functional group C=O
what are aldehydes
- carbonyl functional group found at the end of the carbon chain
- CHO
what are ketones
- carbonyl functional group is joined 2 to other carbon atoms in the carbon chain
- CO
- start with propanone
how do you name aldehydes
- add the suffix -al
- don’t need to name aldehyde group, this is ALWAYS on carbon-1
how do you name ketones
- add the suffix -one
- only needs to be numbered past 5 carbon atoms
what are aldehydes oxidised into
carboxylic acids
what are the reagents required for the oxidation of aldehydes
- acidified potassium dichromate ions
- usually found with K2Cr2O7 and H2SO4
- oxidation agent shown via [O]
- under reflux
what is the equation of oxidation of butanal
butanal + [O] ===> butanoic acid
- (add reagents onto the arrow)
what happens to ketones when oxidised
ketones do not undergo oxidation reactions
what is the reactivity of carbonyls influenced by
the C=O bond
how is the C=O bond structured in carbonyls
- a sigma single bond between the C-O
- and a pi-bond above and below the planes of the carbon and oxygen atoms
what is the difference between the C=C and C=O double bond
- the C=C bond is non-polar (electrophilic addition)
- the C=O bond is polar
explain the polar C=O bond
- O is more electronegative than C
- so the electron-density in the C=O bond lies closer to the O atoms
- so C=δ+ and O=δ-
how does the polar C=O bond affect the reactivity of aldehydes
- can react with NUCLEOPHILES
- via nucleophilic addition
- as can attract them with the Cδ+
what is the reducing agent for carbonyls
NaBH4
- sodium tetrahydridoborate (III)
how are carbonyls reduced
- reduce to alcohols
- usually using a warm carbonyl and NaBH4
- in an aqueous solution
what are aldehydes reduced to
primary alcohols