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Yr 2 Sem 1 Repro > 6.1 Placental Function And Dysfunction > Flashcards

6.1 Placental Function And Dysfunction Flashcards

1
Q

When does the placental begin to develop?

A

Second week of development

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2
Q

What does the outer cell mass differentiate into in week 2?

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

Cytotrophoblast

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3
Q

What does the inner cell mass differentiate into in week 2?

A

The bilaminar disk

  • Epiblast
  • Hypoblast
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4
Q

What two cavities are within the embryo by end of week 2?

A

Yolk sac

Amniotic cavity

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5
Q

What is the embryo suspended in by end of week 2 and by what structure is it suspended?

A

Chorionic cavity

Suspended by a connecting stalk

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6
Q

What happens to the yolk sac?

A

Disappears

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7
Q

What happens to the amniotic sac and chorionic sac?

A

The amniotic sac enlarges

Chorionic cavity becomes occupied by the expanding amniotic cavity

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8
Q

What are primary villi?

A

Early finger-like projections of trophoblast

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9
Q

What are secondary villi?

A

Invasion of mesenchyme into core

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10
Q

What are tertiary villi?

A

Invasion of mesenchyme core by foetal vessels

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11
Q

Name three things that implantation achieves

A

Establishes a basic unit of exchange
Anchors the placenta
Establishes maternal blood flow in the placenta

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12
Q

Where does the conceptus implant?

A

Within the stroma (uterine epithelium is breached)

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13
Q

Implantation is interstitial, true or false?

A

True

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14
Q

What ultimately separates the maternal blood from the foetal capillary wall?

A

One layer of trophoblast

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15
Q

Why does the placental membrane become progressively thinner?

A

Needs of foetus increase

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16
Q

What is the placental a specialisation of?

A

The chorionic membrane

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17
Q

What are the two categories of implantation defect?

A

Implantation in wrong place

Incomplete invasion

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18
Q

What can implantation in the wrong place cause?

A

Ectopic pregnancy

Placenta previa

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19
Q

What can be caused by incomplete invasion?

A

Placental insufficiency

Pre-eclampsia

20
Q

Define ectopic pregnancy

A

Implantation at site other than uterine body
Often Fallopian tubes
Can be ovarian or peritoneal
Endometrial areas normally provide modulation of the invasive force - doesnt happen in ectopic pregnancy

21
Q

What is placenta previa?

A

Implantation in the lower uterine segment
Can cause haemorrhage
May need a C section

22
Q

What happens to the endometrium in the presence of the conceptus?

A

Transforms into the decidua

23
Q

What does the decidual reaction do?

A

Provides the balancing force for the invasive force of the trophoblast

24
Q

What can be seen on the foetal aspect of the placenta (gross morphology)?

A

Umbilical cord -> Umbilical vessels -> Chorionic vessels

Amnion

25
Q

What can be seen on the maternal aspect of the placenta?

A

Cotyledons

26
Q

Describe the chorionic villus in the first trimester

A

Thicker barrier
Complete layer of cytotrophoblast
Acts as a stem cell layer for syncytiotrophoblast

27
Q

Describe the third trimester chorionic villus

A

Barrier at optimal thickness

Occasional cytotrophoblast cell but they have mainly regressed

28
Q

How many umbilical arteries are their and what do they do?

A

2

Deoxygenated blood from foetus to placenta

29
Q

How many umbilical veins are there and what is the role of them?

A

One

Oxygenated blood from placenta to foetus

30
Q

What two types of hormones does the placenta produce?

A

Protein

Steroid

31
Q

What are the protein hormones of the placenta?

A

Human chorionic gonadotrophin
Human chorionic somatomammotrophin
Human chorionic thyrotrophin
Hyman chorionic corticotrophin

32
Q

Which steroid hormones are produced by the placenta?

A

Oestrogen

Progesterone

33
Q

When is hCG produced and what by?

A

During the first 2 months of pregnancy

By the syncytiotrophoblast

34
Q

What is the role of hCG?

A

Supports the secretory function of the corpus luteum

35
Q

Why can hCG easily be used as the basis for pregnancy testing?

A

Excreted in maternal urine

36
Q

What is the function of placental steroid hormones?

A

Maintain the pregnant state

37
Q

When does placental production of steroid hormones take over from the corpus luteum?

A

11th week

38
Q

How do placental hormones influence maternal metabolism?

A

Progesterone
- Increased appetite

hCS, hPL

  • Increase glucose availability to foetus
  • Maternal insulin resistance
39
Q

What are the two types of transport in the placenta?

A

Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion - glucose
Active transport

40
Q

Why do we need an adequate uteroplacental circulation?

A

To maintain the oxygen gradient to the foetus

41
Q

What active transporters are expressed and by what?

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

Amino acids, iron, vitamins

42
Q

Which molecule is transferred in passive immunity and by what process?

A

IgG

Receptor mediated

43
Q

What can Rhesus incompatibility of the mother and foetus cause?

A

Haemolytic disease

44
Q

Name some harmful substances that can cross the placenta

A

Thalidomide, alcohol, therapeutic drugs (anti-epileptics, warfarin, ACE inhibitors), drugs of abuse

45
Q

Why does thalidomide cause limb defects?

A

Crosses the placenta and destroys small blood vessels (in developing limbs)

46
Q

What are the consequences of maternal smoking on the placenta?

A

Smaller placenta

Calcification

Yr 2 Sem 1 Repro (10 decks)

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