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Yr 2 Sem 1 Repro > 5.1 Getting Pregnant > Flashcards

5.1 Getting Pregnant Flashcards

1
Q

Where are Leydig cells found?

A

In interstitium of testes

Respond to LH

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2
Q

Describe the epididymal maturation of sperm

A

Immobile on entry
Capable of movement and fertilisation at tail
Addition of secretory products to the surface of sperm

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3
Q

What is the maturation of sperm dependent on?

A

The support of the epididymis by androgens

HPT axis

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4
Q

What is semen made up of?

A

Spermatozoa and seminal plasma

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5
Q

Where is seminal plasma derived from?

A

Accessory glands of the male reproductive tract

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6
Q

What are the functions of semen?

A

Transport
Nutrients
Buffering capacity
Prostaglandins stimulate muscular activity in female reproductive tract

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7
Q

What contributes to the seminal plasma?

A

Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral glands

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8
Q

Describe what the seminal vesicles produce

A

60% of volume
Alkaline
Fructose, prostaglandins, clotting factors (semenogelin)

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9
Q

Describe the secretions of the prostate gland

A 
25% volume 
Milky
Slightly acidic 
Proteolytic enzymes 
Citrate, acid Phosphatase
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10
Q

Describe the secretions of the bulbourethral glands

A

Small volume
Alkaline
Produces a mucus that lubricates the end of the penis and urethral lining

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11
Q

What is the normal volume of ejaculate?

A

2-6ml

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12
Q

What is the normal value for motility in semen analysis?

A

50% or more

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13
Q

What is the value for normal morphology in semen analysis?

A

60%

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14
Q

What stimulants are involved in erection?

A

Psychogenic

Tactile from sensory afferents of penis and perineum

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15
Q

What efferents are involved in erection?

A

Somatic and autonomic efferents
Pelvic nerve
Pudenal nerve

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16
Q

What 3 things does erection require?

A

Sinusoidal Relaxation
Arterial dilation
Venous compression

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17
Q

Describe the parasympathetic innervation to the male genital system

A

Fibres - lumbar and sacral spinal Levels
Pelvic nerve and pelvic plexus
Cavernous nerve to corpora and vasculature

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18
Q

Describe the neurophysiology of erection

A

Inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstrictors
Activation of PNS
Activate non adrenergic, non cholinergic autonomic nerves to arteries
Releases NITRIC OXIDE

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19
Q

How is nitric oxide produced in erection?

A 
Post ganglionic fibres release Ach 
Ach acts on M3 receptors on endothelial cells
Increase in intracellular calcium
Activation of nitric oxide synthase 
Increase in NO

NO also released from nerves directly

20
Q

What is the role of nitric oxide in erection?

A

Diffuses into vascular smooth muscle

Relaxation = Vasodilation

21
Q

What are 4 causes of erectile dysfunction?

A

Psychological - descending inhibition of spinal reflexes
Tears in fibrous tissue of corpora cavernosa
Vascular
Drugs

22
Q

Define emission

A

Movement of semen into prostatic urethra

Contraction of smooth muscle in prostate, vas deferens and seminal vesicles

23
Q

Define ejaculation

A

Expulsion of semen

24
Q

What happens during ejaculation?

A

Contraction of smooth muscles of glands and ducts
Contraction of bladder internal sphincter
Rhythmic striatal muscle contractions

25
Q

Why does the bladder internal sphincter contract during ejaculation?

A

To prevent retrograde ejaculation

So sperm doesn’t enter the bladder

26
Q

What innervation controls erection?

A

Parasympathetic

27
Q

What innervation control ejaculation?

A

Sympathetic

28
Q

What effect does oestrogen have on cervical mucus?

A

Thin and stretchy

29
Q

What effect does oestrogen and progesterone have on cervical mucus?

A

Thick and sticky

Forms a plug

30
Q

What happens during capacitation?

A 
Final maturation of sperm 
Takes 6-8hrs 
Sperm membrane changes - removal of non covalent things 
Movement to whip like 
Can undergo acrosome reaction
31
Q

How long do spermatozoa and oocytes stay viable for?

A

Spermatozoa 48-72hrs

Oocyte 6-24hrs

32
Q

How are oocytes and sperm transported?

A

Oocyte - Beating cilia and peristalsis of uterine tubes

Sperm - Own propulsion

33
Q

Where is the acrosome derived from and what does it contain?

A

Derived from golgi region of developing spermatid
Contains enzymes

Hyaluronidase is important as granulosa cells are held together by hyaluron

34
Q

What happens during the acrosome reaction?

A

Sperm pushes through corona radiata
Binding of sperm surface receptor to ZP3 glycoprotein of zona pellucida
Triggers acrosome reaction
Digestion of zona pellucida

35
Q

What happens in the cortical reaction?

A

Happens once a sperm penetrates leading to fusion of plasma membranes
Prevents more sperm binding
Preventing polyspermy

There are a series of calcium spikes
Meiosis II can resume

36
Q

At which stage of development are cells totipotent?

A

Morula

37
Q

Define totipotent

A

Has the capacity to become any cell type

38
Q

Briefly describe the process of assisted reproductive technology

A

Oocyte fertilised in vitro
Allowed to divide to 4 or 8 cell stage
Morula transferred to uterus

Remember capacitation needs to be mimicked

39
Q

What is PGD?

A

Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis
One cell removed from morula
Tested for serious heritable diseases before transfer of embryo to mother

40
Q

What does the first differentiation after fertilisation create?

A

Inner cell mass - becomes body cells

Outer cell mass - becomes placenta

41
Q

What is hatching and why must it occur?

A

When blastocyst hatches from the zona pellucida
Means that the blastocyst is no longer constrained so can begin to increase in size

Blastocyst can then interact with the uterine surface and implant

42
Q

What happens during implantation?

A

Outer cell mass (trophoblast) interacts with endometrium

Endometrium controls degree of invasion

43
Q

What is the trophoblast?

A

The outer cell mass

44
Q

What is ectopic implantation?

A

Implantation at sites other than the endometrium lined uterine cavity

The invasion is not controlled

45
Q

What is placenta previa?

A

Implantation in lower uterine segment

Causes problems at point of delivery

Yr 2 Sem 1 Repro (10 decks)

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