6.1 - molecules of living systems Flashcards
what are the 3 main fluid compartments of the body
- cytoplasm
- between cells
- blood plasma
what is dehydration synthesis
small molecules (monomers) join to form polymers and water is removed
what are the macromolecules for carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
carbohydrates - monosaccharides
lipids - glycerol (1) fatty acids (3)
proteins - amino acid
nucleic acids - nucleotide
what are the three main monosaccharides
- glucose
- galactose
- fructose
what is the generic formula for carbohydrates
1C: 2H: 1O
what are the make up of disaccharides (maltose, lactose, sucrose)
maltose - 2 glucose
lactose - 1 glucose, 1 galactose
sucrose - 1 glucose, 1 fructose
what forms of sugar to plants vs animal use
plants use starch
animal use glycogen
what are the 3 main functions of lipids
- energy storage
- membrane function
- hormone precursor
how are saturated and unsaturated fats different (structure wise)
saturated fats have a single bond while unsaturated fats have a double bond
HDL - high density lipoproteins
- good cholesterol
- pick up excess cholesterol and transport it back to the body’s liver for processing
- consuming trans fats (greasy) lowers HDL levels
LDL
- bad cholesterol
- builds up in the walls of the arteries, they become narrow and hardened reducing blood flow
- could lead to a hard attack
what is the importance of a phospholipid
they make up most cellular membranes
what are proteins used for
- make up the structural component of the cell
amino acids structure (5)
- R group
- central carbon atom
- carboxyl group
- single hydrogen atom
- amino group
when amino acids bond together using dehydration synthesis they are called
peptide bonds, many peptide bonds make up a polypeptide
what can change the shape of a protein
- temperature
- radiation
- Changes in PH
what is the difference between denaturation and coagulation
denaturation: reversible ex. jello
coagulation: non reversible ex. boiling an egg
components of a nucleotide
- base
- phosphate
- “sticky sugar”
enzymes
allow reactions to occur at lower temperatures or faster
explain what happens in a enzyme reaction (look at notes)
lock and key model
sublate fits perfectly into the active site
induced fit
active site conforms to its substrates shape
coenzymes
- derived from vitamins
- make up a part of the active site
testing for macromolecules - carbohydrates
- complex: Iodine test, positive result is blue or black
- simple: Benedicts, yellow (less)-red (more)
