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M6 > 6.1- Aircraft Materials- Ferrous > Flashcards

6.1- Aircraft Materials- Ferrous Flashcards

1
Q

Iron in its pure form has what characteristics?

A

Soft, malleable and ductile.

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2
Q

How is cast iron formed?

A

Molten iron with more than 2% carbon poured into a mould.

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3
Q

How is iron extracted from iron ore?

A

Mixed with coke and limestone and heated in a furnace. Iron sinks to the bottom.

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4
Q

How is steel made using pure iron?

A

Pure iron is remelted in a furnace where carbon is introduced.

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5
Q

Why is the use of steel restricted for aircraft?

A

High density

Susceptible to corrosion.

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6
Q

What are some of the characteristics considered when picking an alloying element?

A 
Service temp
Strength
Stiffness
Fatigue Properties
Fabricability.
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7
Q

What does using carbon as an alloying element do?

A

Allows heat treatment of steel

Hardness and tensile strength are increased.

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8
Q

Low carbon steel contains what percentage of carbon?

A

0.1-0.3%

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9
Q

High carbon steel contains what percentage of steel?

A

05.-1.05%

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10
Q

What does using sulphur as an alloying element do?

A

Decreases ductility and weld ability.
Normally kept at low levels, or paired with manganese
Improves machineability.

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11
Q

What does using manganese as an alloying element do?

A

Contributes to strength and hardness

significant effect on hardenability of steel

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12
Q

What does using silicon as an alloying element do?

A

Deoxidiser

Detrimental to surface quality in low carbon steel.

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13
Q

What does using phosphorus as an alloying element do?

A

Increases strength, hardness and corrosion resistance

Decreases ductility.

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14
Q

What does using Nickel as an alloying element do?

A

Increases hardenability and impact strength.

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15
Q

What does using chromium as an alloying element do?

A

Increase corrosion/oxidation resistance

increase hardenability and high temp strength.

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16
Q

What does using molybdenum as an alloying element do?

A

Produces secondary hardening of steel during quenching.

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17
Q

What does using vanadium as an alloying element do?

A

Increases yield strength and tensile strength.

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18
Q

What does using titanium as an alloying element do?

A

Improve toughness.

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19
Q

What system is used to give designations to low carbon steels?

A

AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute).

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20
Q

What do the first two digits refer to in AISI (steel designation)?

A

Specific alloying element.

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21
Q

What do the last two digits refer to in AISI (steel designation)?

A

Percentage of carbon

It is the last three digits in a 5 digit designation.

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22
Q

What does a 10xx refer to?

A

Plain carbon steels (carbon and manganese).

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23
Q

What does a 41xx refer to?

A

Chromium and Molybdenum alloy steels.

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24
Q

What does a 43xx refer to?

A

Nickel, chromium and molybdenum alloy steels.

25
Q

What does a 52100 refer to?

A

Chromium alloy with 1% carbon.

26
Q

What does a 93xx refer to?

A

Nickel, chromium and molybdenum alloy steels but in a different ratio to 43xx steels.

27
Q

If you saw a steel with designation 4340 what is its breakdown?

A

Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy with 0.4 carbon.

28
Q

What is the specific name of Nickel-Cobalt alloy with 0.3% carbon?

A

9Ni-4Co.30C
9 refers to percent of Nickel
4 refers to percent of cobalt.

29
Q

European designations differ slightly where can you find information on them?

A

Metallic material list in the SRM.

30
Q

What does SAE stand for?

A

Society of Automotive Engineers.

31
Q

What does annealing do?

A

Softens carbon steel to malleable state.

32
Q

What does quenching do?

A

Hardens to a state nearly as rigid and brittle as glass.

33
Q

What does tempering do?

A

Decrease hardness which increases ductility and toughness of quenched metal.

34
Q

Quenching often produces stresses in steel, what process relieves these?

A

Tempering.

35
Q

Why is accurate temperature control needed during tempering?

A

To ensure consistent replication of properties.

36
Q

What are the most accurate methods of temperature measuring?

A

Pyrometers and thermocouple controlled ovens.

37
Q

What is a less accurate way of measuring temperature of the metal during treatment.

A

Observing the colour, it is possible but not accurate and only possible with high carbon steels.

38
Q

What colour ranges does high carbon steel have whilst heating?

A

Yellow- brown- purple- blue.

39
Q

What can’t be done to pure/wrought or extremely low carbon steels?

A

They can’t be heat treated due to not having a hardening element.

40
Q

How is steel hardened?

A

Heated above critical temp, so that carbon dispenses through iron matrix. Then rapidly cooled by quenching.

41
Q

What liquids can be used to quench?

A

Water, oil, brine.

Oil is the slowest quench and brine the fastest.

42
Q

What happens if the quench is too quick?

A

The structure becomes martensite, a super saturated solution of carbon in the iron matrix.

43
Q

What is wrong with having a martensite structure?

A

Its far to brittle and hard for most uses.

44
Q

What is the process of annealing?

A

Heating to 50°F above critical temp and allowing it to soak, then slowly cooling in the furnace or a bath of hot sand.

45
Q

What is normalising?

A

Relieving stresses from machining or welding.

46
Q

How is normalising carried out?

A

Heating steel to 100°F above critical temp and soaking. It is then cooled at room temp.

47
Q

What does normalising do to the structure in terms of the carbon particles?

A

Allows the carbon to precipitate out of the austenitic structure.

48
Q

What do the two axis of the carbon phase diagram display?

A

% of carbon content and temperature.

49
Q

What is a metal called that can exist in two forms at the same temp?

A

Eutectoid.

50
Q

What is ferrite?

A

Pure iron, BCC that will absorb 0.02% carbon.

51
Q

What is austenite?

A

FCC iron, can absorb up to 2% carbon.

52
Q

What is cementite?

A

Chemical compound of carbon and iron, the more carbon the more cementite. But will be harder and more brittle. >2% carbon.

53
Q

What is pearlite?

A

Two phase lamellar structure, which alternating layers of alpha-ferrite (88%) and cementite (12%).

54
Q

What are the important factors in heat treatment of carbon steel?

A

Carbon content, temperature and time taken to cool.

55
Q

Since the 1940’s stainless steel has also been known as what?

A

CRES- corrosion resistant steel.

56
Q

What are the key characteristics of CRES?

A

Corrosion resistance, strength, toughness and resistance to high temps.

57
Q

CRES doesn’t use the SAE system but instead uses what?

A

A 3 digit system.

58
Q

What are the 200 and 300 series of CRES known as?

A

Austenitic.

M6 (14 decks)

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