6.1

Question 0

Red blood cells are also called this:

Answer 0

Erythrocytes

Question 1

What is the function of the plasma?

Answer 1

It provides the major means for distributing chemicals between organs.

Question 2

White blood cells are also called this:

Answer 2

Leukocytes

Question 3

What are the functions of red blood cells?

Answer 3

They contribute to the respiratory function of the blood by providing transport for oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Question 4

What are the functions of white blood cells?

Answer 4

White blood cells and their products help to provide immunity from infection by recognizing and attacking foreign molecules and cells.

Question 5

Platelets are also called:

Answer 5

Thrombocytes

Question 6

What are the functions of platelets?

Answer 6

Platelets, together with proteins in the plasma, help to maintain the integrity of the blood vessels by forming blood clots.

Question 7

Where do platelets derive from?

Answer 7

From a bone marrow cell called a megakaryocyte.

Question 8

What are the normal hematocrit values?

Answer 8

Female: 42 +- 5%

Male: 47 +- 7%

Question 9

How much of the oxygen in the blood is carried by cellular elements?

Answer 9

19.7 mL O2 per 100mL blood

Question 10

Oxygen is carried by _____ molecules within the red blood cells.

Answer 10

Hemoglobin

Question 11

Each hemoglobin molecule consists of _____ pairs of ______ and four disc- shaped organic groups called ____.

Answer 11

Two

Polypeptide chains

Heme groups

Question 12

Each heme group contains one _____.

Answer 12

Central ferrous ion (Fe2)

Question 13

Oxygen in the blood moves according to its _______ gradient.

Answer 13

Diffusion

Question 14

Red blood cells always metabolize _____.

So that….

Answer 14

Anaerobically.

They do not consume the oxygen they carry.

Question 15

What is the oxygen carrying capacity dependent on?

Answer 15

The total number of red blood cells, and consequently, on the amount of hemoglobin.

Question 16

The total number of red blood cells is dependent on a balance between what?

Answer 16

Red blood cell:
1 production
2 destruction.

Question 17

The rate of red blood cell production is regulated by the hormone:

Answer 17

Erythropoietin

Question 18

Erythropoietin is secreted by the

Answer 18

Kidneys

Question 19

Erythropoietin is secreted when:

Answer 19

Blood oxygen levels fall

It is regulated by the oxygen requirement of the body

Question 20

How long do RBCs live?

Answer 20

Approx. 120 days

Question 21

How are RBCs destroyed?

Answer 21

By the action of phagocytic cells that are fixed on the sides of the bold channels (sinusoids) by a mesh work (reticulum) of fibers.

Question 22

Where are the phagocytes located?

Answer 22

The spleen, liver and bone marrow.

Question 23

The phagocytic cells compose the

Answer 23

Reticulendothelial system

Question 24

What do reticuloendothelial cells do?

Answer 24

Digest the hemoglobin within the old RBCs into the component parts of protein, iron, and heme pigment. The protein in hydrolyzef and retired to the general amino acid pool of the body, the iron is recycled to the bone marrow and the heme is changed into a new pigment called bilirubin.

Question 25

Where is bilirubin released?

Answer 25

Bilirubin is released by the spleen liver and bone marrow (Aka the reticuloendothelial system) and enters the blood as free bilirubin

Question 26

Lone Bilirubin is:

Answer 26

Nonpolar

Question 27

Once free bilirubin enters the blood, it attaches to ______ in the ______.

Answer 27

Albumin Plasma

Question 28

What is unique about the bonding of bilirubin and albumin?

Answer 28

It cannot be filtered by the kidneys or secreted by the liver into the bile.

Question 29

The liver combines some free bilirubin with ______ to form ______

Answer 29

Glucuronic Acid Conjugated bilirubin

Question 30

Conjugated bilirubin | Bilirubin and glucuronic acid

Answer 30

Is much more polar and water soluble. The liver can now secrete the conjugated bilirubin in the bile.

Question 31

Iron is derived from the _____ by the reticuloendothelial system of the liver and spleen.

Answer 31

Heme groups

Question 32

Iron that has derived from heme groups travels in the blood attached to a protein carrier called _______

Answer 32

Transferrin

Question 33

The transferrin is taken out of the body by cells of the _______. It is this recycled iron that supplies most of the bodies need for iron.

Answer 33

Bone marrow

Question 34

Dietary iron is absorbed from the _______ and is transpired in the blood bound to _______.

Answer 34

Intestine Transferrin

Question 35

What is the hematocrit?

Answer 35

The ratio of the volume of packed RBCs to the total blood volume

Question 36

What is jaundice?

Answer 36

Jaundice is a yellow staining of the tissues produced by high blood concentrations of either free or conjugated bilirubin.

Question 37

What causes jaundice in adults with high levels of free bilirubin?

Answer 37

When bile excretion is blocked by gallstones

Question 38

What causes jaundice in adults with high levels of free bilirubin?

Answer 38

Usually caused by an excessively high rate of red blood cell destruction

Question 39

In newborns, physiological jaundice of the newborn is due to ____________.

Answer 39

High levels of FREE bilirubin.

Question 40

In premature infants, what causes jaundice?

Answer 40

It may be caused by inadequate amounts of the liver enzymes needed to conjugate bilirubin so that it can be excreted in the bile.

Question 41

How are jaundiced babies treated?

Answer 41

By exposing them to blue light (with wavelengths of 400 to 500 nm) which converts free bilirubin in cutaneous (of the skin) vessels to a more water-soluble form that can be excreted in the bile.

Question 42

A Heparinized capillary tube means:

Answer 42

A capillary tube with heparin

Question 43

Heparin is an anticoagulant meaning:

Answer 43

It stops the blood from clotting. Stops coagulating

Question 44

Normal red blood cell counts are:

Answer 44

Adult male: 4.5-6.0 million per cubic mm (mm3) Adult female: 4.0-5.5 million per cubic mm

Question 45

Since hemoglobin is a pigment or colored compound, it is possible to;

Answer 45

Measure the concentration of hemoglobin in a hemolyzed sample of blood by measuring the intensity of its color.

Question 46

Since there are different types of hemoglobin,

Answer 46

Different types of hemoglobin absorb light in different degrees ( has slightly different color)

Question 47

Deoxygemoglobin means

Answer 47

Hemoglobin without oxygen

Question 48

Oxyhemoglobin means

Answer 48

Hemoglobin with oxygen

Question 49

When oxygen concentrations of the blood is high,

Answer 49

normal deoxyhemoglobin combines with oxygen to form the compound oxyhemoglobin.

Question 50

When the concentration of oxygen in the blood is low

Answer 50

The oxyhemoglobin dissociation to form reduced hemoglobin and oxygen

Question 51

Arterial blood is bright red due to the

Answer 51

Predominance of Oxyhemoglobin pigment

Question 52

Venous blood has a darkish hue because

Answer 52

Of the characteristic of deoxyhemoglobin

Question 53

Carboxyhemoglobin cannot participate in oxygen transport because:

Answer 53

It cannot readily dissociate

Question 54

Carboxyhemoglobin has a _____ color.

Answer 54

Cranberry red

Question 55

Methemoglobin is different because it is

Answer 55

Hemoglobin that is iron oxidized to the ferric state (Fe3+)

Question 56

Methemoglobin is incapable of bonding with either _____ or ______.

Answer 56

Oxygen of carbon monoxide

Question 57

An increase amount of methemoglobin is associated with

Answer 57

Some genetic diseases

Question 58

Normal hemoglobin concentration is:

Answer 58

adult male is 13-16g/dL | Adult female is 12-15 g/dL

Question 59

Anemia is a condition caused by

Answer 59

Abnormally low hemoglobin, hematocrit or red cell count

Question 60

Anemia can be caused by

Answer 60

Iron deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, folic acid deficiencies, bone marrow disease, hemolytic disease (sickle cell anemia), loss of blood through hemorrhage, or infections.

Question 61

Diagnosing specific types of anemia is aided by relating the measurements of hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell count to derive the

Answer 61

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and | The Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

Question 62

Macrocyclic anemia is caused by

Answer 62

Folic acid deficiency or by vitamin B12 deficiency associated with the disease pernicious anemia MCV above 94 MCHC within normal range

Question 63

How to calculate the mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

Answer 63

``` Hematocrit x 10/ RBC count (millions per mm3 blood) ```

Question 64

What are the normal values for MCV?

Answer 64

82-92 cubic micrometers

Question 65

How to calculate MCHC

Answer 65

Hemoglobin (g/dL) x 100 / | Hematocrit

Question 66

What are the normal levels of MCHC?

Answer 66

32-36 in percent