6.1 Flashcards
Red blood cells are also called this:
Erythrocytes
What is the function of the plasma?
It provides the major means for distributing chemicals between organs.
White blood cells are also called this:
Leukocytes
What are the functions of red blood cells?
They contribute to the respiratory function of the blood by providing transport for oxygen and carbon dioxide.
What are the functions of white blood cells?
White blood cells and their products help to provide immunity from infection by recognizing and attacking foreign molecules and cells.
Platelets are also called:
Thrombocytes
What are the functions of platelets?
Platelets, together with proteins in the plasma, help to maintain the integrity of the blood vessels by forming blood clots.
Where do platelets derive from?
From a bone marrow cell called a megakaryocyte.
What are the normal hematocrit values?
Female: 42 +- 5%
Male: 47 +- 7%
How much of the oxygen in the blood is carried by cellular elements?
19.7 mL O2 per 100mL blood
Oxygen is carried by _____ molecules within the red blood cells.
Hemoglobin
Each hemoglobin molecule consists of _____ pairs of ______ and four disc- shaped organic groups called ____.
Two
Polypeptide chains
Heme groups
Each heme group contains one _____.
Central ferrous ion (Fe2)
Oxygen in the blood moves according to its _______ gradient.
Diffusion
Red blood cells always metabolize _____.
So that….
Anaerobically.
They do not consume the oxygen they carry.
What is the oxygen carrying capacity dependent on?
The total number of red blood cells, and consequently, on the amount of hemoglobin.
The total number of red blood cells is dependent on a balance between what?
Red blood cell:
1 production
2 destruction.
The rate of red blood cell production is regulated by the hormone:
Erythropoietin
Erythropoietin is secreted by the
Kidneys
Erythropoietin is secreted when:
Blood oxygen levels fall
It is regulated by the oxygen requirement of the body
How long do RBCs live?
Approx. 120 days
How are RBCs destroyed?
By the action of phagocytic cells that are fixed on the sides of the bold channels (sinusoids) by a mesh work (reticulum) of fibers.
Where are the phagocytes located?
The spleen, liver and bone marrow.
The phagocytic cells compose the
Reticulendothelial system
What do reticuloendothelial cells do?
Digest the hemoglobin within the old RBCs into the component parts of protein, iron, and heme pigment.
The protein in hydrolyzef and retired to the general amino acid pool of the body, the iron is recycled to the bone marrow and the heme is changed into a new pigment called bilirubin.
Where is bilirubin released?
Bilirubin is released by the spleen liver and bone marrow (Aka the reticuloendothelial system) and enters the blood as free bilirubin
Lone Bilirubin is:
Nonpolar
Once free bilirubin enters the blood, it attaches to ______ in the ______.
Albumin
Plasma
What is unique about the bonding of bilirubin and albumin?
It cannot be filtered by the kidneys or secreted by the liver into the bile.
The liver combines some free bilirubin with ______ to form ______
Glucuronic Acid
Conjugated bilirubin
Conjugated bilirubin
Bilirubin and glucuronic acid
Is much more polar and water soluble. The liver can now secrete the conjugated bilirubin in the bile.
Iron is derived from the _____ by the reticuloendothelial system of the liver and spleen.
Heme groups
Iron that has derived from heme groups travels in the blood attached to a protein carrier called _______
Transferrin
The transferrin is taken out of the body by cells of the _______. It is this recycled iron that supplies most of the bodies need for iron.
Bone marrow
Dietary iron is absorbed from the _______ and is transpired in the blood bound to _______.
Intestine
Transferrin
What is the hematocrit?
The ratio of the volume of packed RBCs to the total blood volume
What is jaundice?
Jaundice is a yellow staining of the tissues produced by high blood concentrations of either free or conjugated bilirubin.
What causes jaundice in adults with high levels of free bilirubin?
When bile excretion is blocked by gallstones
What causes jaundice in adults with high levels of free bilirubin?
Usually caused by an excessively high rate of red blood cell destruction
In newborns, physiological jaundice of the newborn is due to ____________.
High levels of FREE bilirubin.
In premature infants, what causes jaundice?
It may be caused by inadequate amounts of the liver enzymes needed to conjugate bilirubin so that it can be excreted in the bile.
How are jaundiced babies treated?
By exposing them to blue light (with wavelengths of 400 to 500 nm) which converts free bilirubin in cutaneous (of the skin) vessels to a more water-soluble form that can be excreted in the bile.
A Heparinized capillary tube means:
A capillary tube with heparin
Heparin is an anticoagulant meaning:
It stops the blood from clotting. Stops coagulating
Normal red blood cell counts are:
Adult male: 4.5-6.0 million per cubic mm (mm3)
Adult female: 4.0-5.5 million per cubic mm
Since hemoglobin is a pigment or colored compound, it is possible to;
Measure the concentration of hemoglobin in a hemolyzed sample of blood by measuring the intensity of its color.
Since there are different types of hemoglobin,
Different types of hemoglobin absorb light in different degrees ( has slightly different color)
Deoxygemoglobin means
Hemoglobin without oxygen
Oxyhemoglobin means
Hemoglobin with oxygen
When oxygen concentrations of the blood is high,
normal deoxyhemoglobin combines with oxygen to form the compound oxyhemoglobin.
When the concentration of oxygen in the blood is low
The oxyhemoglobin dissociation to form reduced hemoglobin and oxygen
Arterial blood is bright red due to the
Predominance of Oxyhemoglobin pigment
Venous blood has a darkish hue because
Of the characteristic of deoxyhemoglobin
Carboxyhemoglobin cannot participate in oxygen transport because:
It cannot readily dissociate
Carboxyhemoglobin has a _____ color.
Cranberry red
Methemoglobin is different because it is
Hemoglobin that is iron oxidized to the ferric state (Fe3+)
Methemoglobin is incapable of bonding with either _____ or ______.
Oxygen of carbon monoxide
An increase amount of methemoglobin is associated with
Some genetic diseases
Normal hemoglobin concentration is:
adult male is 13-16g/dL
Adult female is 12-15 g/dL
Anemia is a condition caused by
Abnormally low hemoglobin, hematocrit or red cell count
Anemia can be caused by
Iron deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, folic acid deficiencies, bone marrow disease, hemolytic disease (sickle cell anemia), loss of blood through hemorrhage, or infections.
Diagnosing specific types of anemia is aided by relating the measurements of hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell count to derive the
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and
The Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
Macrocyclic anemia is caused by
Folic acid deficiency or by vitamin B12 deficiency associated with the disease pernicious anemia
MCV above 94
MCHC within normal range
How to calculate the mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
Hematocrit x 10/ RBC count (millions per mm3 blood)
What are the normal values for MCV?
82-92 cubic micrometers
How to calculate MCHC
Hemoglobin (g/dL) x 100 /
Hematocrit
What are the normal levels of MCHC?
32-36 in percent
