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A-Level Biology (AQA) > 6.1 (14) - Response to Stimuli > Flashcards

6.1 (14) - Response to Stimuli Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

A change in the internal or external environment

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2
Q

What is a receptor?

A

Cells that detect a stimulus

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3
Q

What is a tropism?

A
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4
Q

What is phototropism?

A

The growth of a plant in response to light

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5
Q

What is gravitropism?

A

The growth of a plant in response to gravity

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6
Q

What

A

A simple response of an organism whose direction is determined by the direction of the stimulus

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7
Q

What is a positive taxis?

A

Moving towards a favourable stimulus

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8
Q

What is a negative taxis?

A

Moving away from an unfavourable stimulus

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9
Q

What is a kinesis?

A

Simple response where speed and rate of change of direction will change in response to a stimulus, NOT direction

Random

Related to intensity of stimulus

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10
Q

What is positive phototropism?

A

Plant shoots grow towards light

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11
Q

What is negative phototropism?

A

Plant roots grow away from light

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12
Q

What is positive gravitropism?

A

Plant roots grow towards gravity

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13
Q

What is negative gravitropism

A

Plant shoots grow away from gravity

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14
Q

What is IAA?

A

A type of auxin (plant growth factor)

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15
Q

What does IAA do?

A
  • Promotes growth in shoots
  • Inhibits growth of roots
  • Promotes plasticity of cell walls by actively transporting hydrogen ions from cytoplasm to the spaces in cell walls
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16
Q

Describe how IAA causes phototropism in shoots and roots

A

1) IAA produced by cells in the tip of the shoot/root
2) Light causes IAA to accumulate on the shaded side of the plant
3) IAA accumulation on the shaded side of the shoot promotes elongation of cells on shaded side = bending towards light (positive phototropism)
4) IAA accumulation on the shaded side of roots inhibits growth of cells on shaded side = bending away from light (negative phototropism)

17
Q

Describe how IAA causes gravitropism in shoots and roots

A

1) IAA produced by cells in the tip of the shoot/root
2) Gravity causes IAA to accumulate on the lower side of the shoot/root
3) IAA build up on the lower side on the roots and inhibits elongation of the lower side = bending of the plant downwards (positive gravitropism)
4) IAA builds up on the lower side on the shoto and promotes elongation of cells on the lower side = bening of the plant upwards (negative gravitropism)

18
Q

What is the central nervous system made up of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

19
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system made up of?

A

Nerves found outside of the brain and spinal cord

20
Q

What is a sensory neuron?

A

Carries nerve impulses from a receptor to the coordinator

21
Q

What is a relay neuron?

A

Connects a sensory neuron to a motor neuron

22
Q

What is a motor neuron?

A

Carries nerve impulses from the coordinator to the effector

23
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A gap between 2 neurons

24
Q

What are the components of a reflex arc?

A

Stimulus > receptor > sensory neuron > relay neuron > motor neuron > effector > response

25
Q

What is the order of the nervous system?

A

Nervous system > Peripheral NS
Central NS

PNS > Autonomic NS
Somatic NS

ANS > Sympathetic NS
Parasympathetic NS

26
Q

Describe a reflex action

A
  • Automatic, rapid responses that don’t involve conscious areas of the brain
  • Consist of 3 neurons
  • Protective responses that occur in response to certain stimuli
27
Q

What are the divisions of the peripheral NS?

A

Autonomic and somatic NS

28
Q

What are the divisions of the autonomic NS?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

29
Q

Describe the sympathetic NS

A
  • Stimulates effectors and speeds up activity
  • Controls responses to stressful situations
  • Heightens our awareness
30
Q

Describe the parasympathetic NS

A
  • Inhibits effectors and slows down activities
  • Controls activities in normal and restful conditions
  • Conserves energy and replenishes the body’s reserves

A-Level Biology (AQA) (12 decks)

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