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Sl Bio > 6.1 > Flashcards

6.1 Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the digestive system

A
  • mouth
  • salivary glands
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • accessory organs: pancreas, liver, gall bladder
  • large intestine
  • rectum and anus
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2
Q

Mouth (role in digestion)

A
  • breaks food down mechanically
  • voluntary
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3
Q

Salivary glands (role in digestion)

A
  • secrete saliva
  • saliva breaks down food chemically (specifically starches: contains amylose)
  • helps make bolus
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4
Q

Esophagus (role in digestion)

A
  • pathway for food to travel to the stomach
  • movement of food by peristalsis (waves of muscle contractions)
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5
Q

Stomach (role in digestion)

A
  • further breaks down food
  • contains HCl (stomach acid), helps break food down chemically: low pH breaks bonds, and kills foreign bacteria
  • muscle contraction breaks down food mechanically
  • enzyme pepsin helps break down protein (chemically)
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6
Q

small intestine: duodenum (role in digestion)

A
  • upper half of SI
  • liver and gall bladder secrete bile which neutralizes the HCl and emulsifies fats
  • contains amylases and lipase which digest carbohydrates and fats (pancreatic)
  • trypsin digests polypeptides
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7
Q

Small intestine: ileum (role in digestion)

A
  • lower part of the SI
  • nutrients absorbed into the blood through villi and microvilli
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8
Q

Pancreas (accessory organ) (role in digestion)

A
  • secretes enzymes such as lipase, amylase and protease into the SI
  • neutralizes acidic chyme (food when it is btwn the stomach and SI) thru the use of sodium bicarbonate
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9
Q

Liver (accessory organ) (role in digestion)

A
  • secretes bile to break up lipid droplets
  • bile is stored in gall bladder
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10
Q

Gall bladder (accessory organ) (role in digestion)

A
  • stores bile from liver
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11
Q

Large intestine (role in digestion)

A
  • absorbs water from food
  • formation of feces
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12
Q

Rectum and anus

A
  • rectum stores feces
  • anus releases feces
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13
Q

Role of peristalsis in digestion

A
  • peristalsis = series of muscle contractions which move food along the alimentary canal
  • in SI, mixed enzymes and forces food to come into contact with the wall of the intestine
  • food is moved very slowly in the intestines
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14
Q

Main types of enzymes synthesized in the pancreas (and in pancreatic juice)

A
  • amylase: digests starches
  • lipase: digests lipids
  • protease: digestes proteins and polylpeptides
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15
Q

What controls the release of enzymes?

A
  • hormones created and secreted by he stomach
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16
Q

How are enzymes created?

A
  • enzymes synthesized by the pancreas by the ribosomes on rER and processed by Golgi apparatus and secretes through exocytosis
17
Q

Specific enzymes (used for digestion) you should know (all destined for the SI and produced in the pancreas)

A

Made in pancreas:
- amylase: breaks down starch, produces maltose
- lipase: breaks down triglycerides, produces fatty acids and glycerols
- phospholipase: breaks down phospholipids, produces fatty acids, glycerol and phosphate (PO4 (-3))
- protease: (an example is pepsin) breaks down proteins, polypeptides, produces shorter peptides

18
Q

What kind of reaction breaks down/digestion of food molecules

A

hydrolysis, catabolic rxns

19
Q

Specific enzymes (used for digestion) you should know (all destined for the SI and produced in the small intestine)

A
  • nuclease: breaks down DNA and RNA, produces nucleotides
  • maltase: breaks down maltose, produces glucose
  • lactase: breaks down lactose, produces galactose and glucose
  • sucrase: breaks down sucrose, produces fructose and glucose
  • exopeptidase: breaks down peptides, produces dipeptides
  • dipetidase: breaks down dipeptides, produces amino acids
20
Q

Layers of small intestine
(Outer layers to inner layers)

A
  • serosa: protective outer layer
  • muscle layers (muscularis externa): inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle which perform peristalsis
  • sub-mucosa: connective tissue (between mucosa and muscle)
  • mucosa: inner lining, includes villi
  • epithelial cells: single outer layer of cells on each villus
21
Q

Goblet cell in small intestine

A
  • specialized cells on villi
  • absorbs nutrients
  • secrete mucus
22
Q

Lacteal in small intestine

A
  • branch of lymphatic system
  • allow rapid absorption and transport of lipids
23
Q

Membrane transport in SL: fatty acids/monoglycerides

A
  • simple diffusion
  • fatty acid only: facilitated diffusion via transmembrane proteins
  • once inside epithelium cells, fatty acids and monoglycerides combine so that they cannot diffuse back into the lumen of SL
24
Q

Membrane transport: glucose

A
  • facilitated diffusion via glucose channels
  • large polar molecules: simple diffusion cannot occur
25
Q

Membrane transport: sodium

A
  • active transport
  • Na+ pumped into epithelial cells
26
Q

Membrane transport: sodium and glucose

A
  • sodium glucose cotransporter facilitated diffusion
  • Na+ and glucose transported together

Sl Bio (17 decks)

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