5.3 Flashcards
Classification of plants (phylum)
- byrophyta
- filincophyta
- coniferophyta
- angiospermophyta
Byrophyta characteristics (plant classification)
Vegetative organs: rhizoids but no true roots (some with simple stems and leaves, others only have a thallus
Vascular tissue: no xylem or phloem
No cambium, pollen, ovules, seeds, fruits
Filincophyta characteristics
Vegetative organs: roots, stems and leaves are typically present
Vascular tissue: xylem and phloem
No cambium, pollen, ovules, seeds or fruits
Coniferophyta characteristics (plant classification)
Vegetative organs: roots, stems and leaves are typically present
Vascular tissue: xylem and phloem
Cambium: present, allows for development of plants into trees and shrubs, secondary thickening of stems
Pollen: produced in male clones
Ovules: seeds are produced and dispersed
No fruits.
Angiospermophyta characteristics (plant classification)
Vegetative organs: roots, stems and leaves are typically present
Vascular tissue: xylem and phloem
Cambium: present in most, allows for development of plants into trees and shrubs, secondary thickening of stems
Pollen: produced by anthers in flowers
Ovules: seeds produced and dispersed
Fruits: produced for dispersal of seeds mechanically, through wind or animal methods
Classification of animals (phylum)
Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes
Mollusca
Annelida
Arthropoda
Porifera characteristics (animal classification)
Mouth/anus: n/a
Symmetry: none
Skeleton: internal specules (skeletal needles)
Segmentation: none
Other: porous, attached to rocks and filter feed
Cnidaria characteristics (animal classification)
Mouth/anus: only mouth, no anus
Symmetry: radial
Skeleton: soft, but hard. Corals secrete CaCO3
Segmentation: none
Other: stinging cells and tentacles
Platyhelminthes characteristics (animal classification)
Mouth/anus: mouth, no anus
Symmetry: bilateral
Skeleton: no skeleton, soft
Segmentation: none
Other: flattened body
Mollusca characteristics (animal classification)
Mouth/anus: mouth and anus
Symmetry: bilateral
Skeleton: most have a shell made of CaCO3
Segmentation: non-visible segmentation
Annelida characteristics (animal classification)
Mouth/anus: mouth and anus
Symmetry: bilateral
Skeleton: internal cavity with fluid under pressure
Segmentation: very segmented
Other: bristles often present
Arthropoda characteristics (animal classification)
Mouth/anus: mouth and anus
Symmetry: bilateral
Skeleton: exoskeleton, external skeleton made of plates of chitin
Segmentation: segmented
Other: joined appendages
Bony ray-finned fish characteristics
Scales/skin: scales which are bony plates in the skin
Gas exchange: through gills
Limbs: no limbs
Types of limbs: fins
Reproduction: external fertilization in most species
Life cycle: remain in water throughout life cycle
Teeth: teeth fixed into jaws, specialized teeth
Body temperature: do not maintain constant body temperature
Other: scales grow from skin, single gill slit, swim bladder for buoyancy
Amphibian characteristics
Scales/skin: soft moist skin, permeable to water and gases
Gas exchange: simple lungs with small internal folds and moist surfaces
Limbs: 4 limbs
Types of limbs: pentadactyl
Reproduction: external fertilization in water, protective jelly around eggs, larval stage in water
Life cycle: larval stage that lives in water and adult that typically lives on land
Teeth: vomerine teeth (upper jaw, front part of mouth)
Body temperature: do not maintain constant body temperature
Other: soft moist permeable skin
Reptiles characteristics
Scales/skin: impermeable skin covered in scales of sceratin
Gas exchange: lungs with extensive folding
Limbs: 4 limbs
Types of limbs: pentadactyl
Reproduction: internal fertilization, soft egg shells
Teeth: simple teeth with no living tissue
Body temperature: do no maintain constant body temperature
Other: dry scaly impermeable skin
Birds characteristics
Scales/skin: skin with feathers made of keratin
Gas exchange: lungs with parabronchial tubes
Limbs: 6 limbs
Types of limbs: 4 pentadactyl, 2 limbs modified as wings
Reproduction: external fertilization, hard shells around eggs
Teeth: no teeth
Body temperature: maintain constant body temperature
Other: feathers growing from skin, beak no teeth
Mammals characteristics
Scales/skin: skin has follicles with hair made of keratin
Gas exchange: lungs with alveoli
Limbs: 4 limbs
Types of limbs: pentadactyl
Reproduction: internal fertilization, give birth to live young, mammary glands secrete mink
Teeth: teeth with living tissue
Body temperature: maintain constant temperature
Other: hairs growing from skin
Binomial nomenclature
Two named naming system:
Genus species <— if written
Genus species <— if typed
Can subspecies interbreed?
Yes,
Subspecies may interbreed if barrier/challenge (such as distance) is removed
Eg. Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) and Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae*)
Three domains of organisms
- Eubacteria
- Archaea
- Eukaryote
Eubacteria (domains of organisms)
Nuclear membrane: n/a
Histones associated with DNA: absent
presence of introns: rare/absent
Structure of cell walls: made of peptidoglycan
Cell membranes differences: glycerol-ester lipids; unbranched side chains; d-form of glycerol
Archaea (domains of organisms)
Nuclear membrane: n/a
Histones associated with DNA: proteins similar to histones bound to DNA
presence of introns: present in some genes
Structure of cell walls: not made of peptidoglycan
Cell membranes differences: glycerol-ester lipids; unbranched side chains; l-form of glycerol
Eukaryote (domains of organisms)
Nuclear membrane: present
Histones associated with DNA: present
presence of introns: frequent
Structure of cell walls: not made of peptidoglycan
Cell membranes differences: glycerol-ester lipids; unbranched side chains; d-form of glycerol
Order of classification
(Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup)
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Taxon
Scientifically classified group
Natural classification
Grouping together species that share a common ancestor from which they evolved
(Darwinian principle of common descent)
Artificial classification
Groups together species that do not share a common ancestor
For example, grouping together birds, bees and bats
Issues with natural classification
- Convergent evolution may cause distantly related species to appear superficially related
- adaptive radiation can make closely related species appear very different
Why is ribisomal RNA a good way to track evolution over long time periods?
Ribosomal RNA is found in all organisms and evolves slowly
Dichotomous keys
Can be used to identify species
- keys place specimen with most closely related species, genus, family or phyla
- can help predict the characteristics of a new species
