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(6091) Physics > (6091) Practical > Flashcards

(6091) Practical Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the no. of decimal places + smallest division of an ammeter?

A

2 d.p in A + 0.01 A

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2
Q

what is the no. of decimal places + smallest division of an electronic balance?

A

2/3 in dp in g + follow dp in instrument

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3
Q

what is the no. of decimal places + smallest division of half metre rule or metre rule

A

no dp in mm/1 dp in cm/3 dp in m + 1mm + 0.01 cm + 0.001 m

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4
Q

what is the no. of decimal places + smallest division of a measuring cylinder?

A

1 dp in cm^3 + 0.5 cm^3 (half of smallest)

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5
Q

what is the no. of decimal places + smallest division of vernier calipers

A

2 dp in cm + 0.01 cm

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6
Q

what is the no. of decimal places + smallest division of a micrometer screw gauge?

A

2 dp in mm + 0.01 mm

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7
Q

what is the no. of decimal places + smallest division of a milliammeter

A

no d.p in mA + 1mA

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8
Q

what is the no. of decimal places + smallest division of spring balance?

A

2 dp in N + 0.05N (half of smallest division)

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9
Q

what is the no. of decimal places + smallest division of digital stopwatch?

A

2 d.p in s / 1 dp in s + 0.01s or 0.1s (corrected due to human reaction time)

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10
Q

what is the no. of decimal places + smallest division of a thermometer?

A

no d.p in degree Celsius / 1 dp in degree Celsius + 1 degree C/0.5 degree C

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11
Q

what is the no. of decimal places + smallest division of voltmeter?

A

2 dp in V/ 0.05 V (half of smallest division)

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12
Q

what is the no. of decimal places + smallest division of a protractor?

A

no d.p in degree / 1 degree

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13
Q

what are precautions in taking readings?

A

measured readings follow the accuracy of the instrument + calculated readings follow significant figures of measured readings + column of values must be consistent throughout + tables just have headings with units + at least 5 sets of readings

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14
Q

what are things you should not do when taking readings?

A

give readings in fractions + give units in the tables

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15
Q

what should the range of readings be?

A

include the minimum and the maximum range possible + be evenly distributed as much as possible

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16
Q

when there is no instruction, how many sets of readings should be taken for a straight-line graph?

A

minimum 5 sets

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17
Q

when there is no instruction, how many sets of readings should be taken for a curve graph?

A

8-10 sets

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18
Q

what are the two main things in headings in tables?

A

the headers (what you are measuring) / unit (the unit of the thing you are measuring)

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19
Q

what is the number of decimal places that addition/subtraction of raw data should be rounded off to?

A

least number of decimal places of the raw data

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20
Q

what is the number of decimal places that multiplication/division of raw data should be rounded off to?

A

least number of decimal places for the raw data

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21
Q

how do ratIos/functions get calculated off to?

A

decimal numbers NO FRACTIONS BTW

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22
Q

what are things to be aware of when plotting the axes of a graph?

A

follow the question, with the format always going plot a graph of y against x

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23
Q

how much of the paper should a graph have to cover?

A

3/4 of the paper + plotted points covering a range of 50% vertically and horizontally

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24
Q

what type of scales should be used when plotting out graphs?

A

1, 2, 4, 5, 10

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24
Q

how big should the plotted points be drawn out as?

A

1/2 of the smallest square

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25
Q

what is considered a best fit line/curve?

A

if all the plotted points are close to the line/curve

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26
Q

what are things you must label on ur axis?

A

y header + x header + origin + scale of y + scale of x

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27
Q

how to find gradient from a graph?

A

the two points chosen should be as far apart as possible + triangle drawn must be in dotted line + coordinates must written on points used + gradient may have units if you’re finding a known constant

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28
Q

how do you find corresponding x/y values?

A

draw a line at the corresponding y/x value and vice versa

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29
Q

what should you not do when drawing graphs?

A

force straight line graph through origin unless stated in question + use zig-zag symbol + use crosses as coordinates of gradient triangle + have an awkward scale

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29
Q

what are precautions during measurement?

A

check for zero error + measure the diameter of object @ 3 different locations and find average + avoid parallax error by placing line of sight perpendicularly to the scale marking + repeat experiment and take average readings + place thumb on stopwatch to minimise delay

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30
Q

what are precautions to take when using a pendulum bob?

A

ensure retort stand does not topple + set small angle of oscillation less than 10 degrees and use a constant small angle + pendulum oscillates along the vertical plane with no wobbling and no elliptical oscillations + ensure that the pendulum bob doesn’t;t hit the bench/point of suspension or retort stand + start timing only when oscillations are steady

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31
Q

what are precautions to take when measuring centre of gravity?

A

ensure holes are small so that only a small mass is removed + lamina must be hanging freely on the optical pin + optical pin should be parallel to the table surface

32
Q

what is a precaution to take when measuring moments?

A

ensure ruler is balanced horizontally parallel to table surface

33
Q

what are precautions to take when pin sighting (1-4)?

A

pins must be placed vertically upright + pins must at least be 5cm apart + use your fingers and move object pin slightly to check the image + ensure glass block is not shifted during the experiment

34
Q

what are precautions to take when pin sighting (5-8)?

A

draw thin lines with a sharp pencil + eye is level with glass block when inserting pins + mark small holes using the pin and mark with small crosses and label the holes + position eyes at the same level as the pins

35
Q

what are precautions to take when using a lens/ray box?

A

ensure lens set up is not shifted during the experiment + light from the illuminated object should pass through the centre of the lens + lens and screen and object should be aligned parallel to one another + lens must be upright so that image formed on the screen will be sharp

36
Q

what are precautions to take when doing heat experiments (1-3)?

A

ensure that the mass is not touching the base of beaker during heating + ensures that the slotted mass is transferred as quickly as possible to minimise heat loss + stir the water with glass rod not with thermometer

37
Q

what are precautions to take when doing heat experiments (4-7)?

A

place bulb of thermometer fully into the liquid + take readings only when temperature is steady + lose air hole when lighting Bunsen burners + read below for a concave meniscus and above for a convex meniscus

38
Q

what are precautions to take when doing electricity experiments (1-4)?

A

remove switch in between readings to avoid draining the battery and increase resisstance because of heating effect + ensure the jockey is placed perpendicularly on the wire + do not exert too much pressure on the wire or slide the rheostat on the wire + try to straighten the wire to remove kinks

39
Q

what are precautions to take when doing electricity experiments (5-8)?

A

connect all wires firmly to avid contact resistance + check zero error in voltmeter and ammeter _ connect the voltmeter and ammeter with the correct polarity + set rheostat at maximum value so that the experiment starts with the smallest current

40
Q

what should sources of errors be?

A

not really/easily within your control

41
Q

how do you minimize errors caused by human reaction time error?

A

change procedure (take the timing for a larger number of oscillations or take repeat readings for each set of values and find average to check on anomalous readings and reduce random error)

42
Q

how do you minimize errors caused because of difficulty in pinpointing the exact moment an oscillation finishes?

A

change apparatus and use a photo gate in a datalogger to eliminate this error

43
Q

how do you minimize errors in the readings of the effective length because the extension of the string?

A

change appartus and use an inextensible string of pendulum

44
Q

how do you minimize errors in the readings of the effective length because of the extension of the string?

A

change apparatus and use an inextensible string of the pendulum

44
Q

why is a ruler not being of uniform thickness a possible source of error?

A

it is difficult to balance the ruler at its midpoint

45
Q

why is the plumbline and lamina moving whenever the ruler touches it a possible source of error?

A

it is difficult to measure x accurately as the ruler cannot be placed against the lamina

46
Q

why are the ‘holes made in the lamina being too big’ a possible source of error?

A

it becomes difficult toe estimate and draw an accurate line through the exact centre of the hole to determine the exact position of the centre of gravity

47
Q

how do you minimize errors caused by large holes being made in the lamina?

A

change apparatus and use thinner pins to make the holes and sharper pencils to draw thinner lines

48
Q

why is the difficulty of judging the alignment of pins due to the thickness of the pin a possible source of error?

A

it can affect the measurement of the angle of reflection/refraction

49
Q

how do you minimize errors caused by the difficulty of judging the alignment of pins due to the thickness of the pins?

A

change procedure (pins must be placed a t least 5 cm apart to help in judging the alignment of the pins) or change apparatus (use thinner pins)

50
Q

why is pin holes being significantly large a possible source of error?

A

it makes accurate construction of incident and refracted/reflected/emergent rays more difficult and affecting the readings of the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction/reflection

51
Q

how do you minimize errors caused by pin holes being significantly large?

A

change apparatus (use sharp pencil to draw the rays and thinner pins)

52
Q

why is ‘the mirror being light and shifts light easily despite careful checks’ a possible source of error?

A

it affects the reading of the angle of incidence and angle of emergence

53
Q

why is the ‘pins not being placed far apart due to the size of the trace’ a possible source of error?

A

it affects the drawing of emergent ray and affects the angle of emergence

54
Q

why is ‘the glass block/prism have slightly curved edges’ a possible source of error?

A

it is difficult to replace the glass block/prism exactly at their outlined position each time and affecting the readings of the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection/refraction

55
Q

how do you minimize errors from difficulty in identifying the exact position where the sharpest image is being formed affecting the measurement of the image distance?

A

change procedure (fine-tune by adjusting back and forth the screen to determine the sharpest image possible or take repeat readings and find average)

56
Q

why isthe middle of the lens holder might not coincide with the centre of the lens a possible source of error?

A

it affects readings

57
Q

why is the edge of the triangular object being uneven a possible source of error?

A

it makes it difficult to locate the position of the sharp image and affects the readings of the image distance

58
Q

why are the images being large and not sharp a possible source of error?

A

it affects readings of the image distance

59
Q

why are kinks in the potentiometer a possible source of error?

A

it makes it difficult to straighten and align against the metre rule and thus affects the readings of length

60
Q

why is the potentiometer not having a uniform cross-sectional areaa possible source of error?

A

it affected the readings of measured diameter, current and voltage

61
Q

why is the crocodile clip having a large surface area a possible source of error?

A

the point of contact at the 0cm mark might not be accurate

62
Q

why are heating effects on potentiometer wire and connecting wires a possible source of error?

A

they affect the current and voltage readings

63
Q

why is inconsistent contact/amount of pressure on the wire a possible source of error?

A

may affect current and voltage readings

64
Q

how do you minimize errors from kinks in the potentiometer?

A

change procedure (try to straighten out the wire as much as possible before the experiment) or change apparatus (change wire/use a new wire each time)

65
Q

how do you minimize errors from potentiometer not having a uniform cross-sectional area?

A

change procedure (take 3 sets of diameter readings to find average diameter for I and V)

66
Q

how do you minimize errors from the large surface area of the crocodile clip?

A

change apparatus (use jockey stick to ensure sharp contact)

67
Q

how do you minimize errors from the heating effect on wire?

A

change procedure (always open the switch when not taking reading + if the experiment is repeated , let the setup cool for while before repeating)

68
Q

how do you minimize errors from inconsistent contact by jockey on wire ?

A

change procedure (try to exert the same amount of force and hold the jockey perpendicular to the wire to ensure sharp contact + take a few readings to find average reading of current and voltage)

69
Q

why is heat lost to the surroundings a possible source of error?

A

it results in actual energy supplied to the experiment being less than its theoretical value and affects the accuracy of the results)

70
Q

why is loss of water due to evaporation a possible source of error?

A

this will affect the results of experiments where the mass of water is used in the calculation

71
Q

why is human reaction time a possible source of error?

A

affects the recording of timing

72
Q

why is a constantly changing temperature a possible source of error?

A

it makes it difficult to read off accurately affecting the accuracy of the temperature reading s

73
Q

why is temperature throughout the liquid not being uniform as stirring it is difficult with an object in the container a possible source of error?

A

affecting the readings of temperature of the liquid

74
Q

why is the measuring cylinder expanding when hot water was poured into it a possible source of error?

A

this affectes the readings of the volume of the hot liquid

75
Q

how do you minimize errors from heat loss to the surroundings?

A

change procedure (always transfer the liquid quickly to minimize heat loss + the experiment os repeated let the setup cool for awhile before repeating) or change apparatus (suggest various methods of lagging or insulation depending on the experimental setup

76
Q

how do you minimize errors from loss of water due to evaporation?

A

change apparatus (use a lid to minimize evaporation)

77
Q

how do you minimize errors from human reaction time?

A

use an electronic timer (datalogger) and temperature sensor

78
Q

how do you minimize errors from a constantly changing temperature?

A

use a datalogger to record and monitor temperature change using a temperature sensor)

(6091) Physics (4 decks)

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