601 to 800 Flashcards
Noun; Verb (Trans)
Overuse
ˌoʊvərˈjuːz
Verb (Transitive)
PT: overused
PP: overused
PresP: overusing
3rd S: overuses
Noun
Using something too much.
Verb (Trans)
To use something too much
.
Overuse of the microwave resulted in it breaking within a year.
Noun; Verb
Pair
per
Noun
Pl: pairs
Verb
PT: paired
PP: paired
PresP: pairing
3rd S: pairs
Noun
Two objects that are similar and are intended to work together.
Verb (Trans & Intrans)
To set or group together.
A pair of socks is required to cover two feet.
Noun
Palatability
ˈpælətəbəl
Containing a pleasant enough taste to be consumed.
| دلچسبی، دلپذیری
## Footnote
The dry wine was tasted with various foods for palatability.
Mnemonic: Plate on the table
Noun; Verb (Trans)
Palm
pɑːm
Noun
Pl: palms
Verb (Transitive)
PT: palmed
PP: palmed
PresP: palming
3rd S: palms
Noun
The anatomy of the inner surface of the hand that extends from the wrist to the base of the fingers.
Verb (Trans)
To conceal something in one’s hand.
در کف دست پنهان کردن
The boy reached out with the palm of his hand to touch the dog. Palm trees waved by the ocean.
Adjective
Paltry
ˈpaːltri
comparative: paltrier superlative: paltriest
Not important nor significant.
چیز اشغال و نا چیز
A paltry amount of basil results in a poor pesto sauce.
paltrily (Adv) paltriness (N)
Noun
Pamphlet
ˈpæmflɪt
Pl: pamphlets
A small leaflet that provides one with information or supports a specific position.
دفتر، مقاله، اعلامیه
The antiwar group gave out pamphlets on the street urging peace.
جزوه، اعلامیه
Noun; Verb (Trans)
Panel
ˈpænl
Noun
Pl: panels
Verb (Transitive)
PT: paneled
PP: paneled
PresP: paneling
3rd S: panels
Noun
A group of people who publicly make decisions or give rulings on things.
Verb (Trans & Intrans)
To decorate, equip, or conceal something with panels.
The board appointed ten men to a panel to discuss new strategies.
Noun
Pang
pæŋ
Pl: pangs
A brief piercing pain.
تیر کشیدن، درد و سوزش ناگهانی
After ten nights alone in the desert the old man felt the pang of loneliness.
Noun
Paperwork
ˈpeɪpərwɜːrk
Habitual work that involves doing clerical work.
The reams of paperwork covered the desk of the young secretary.
Adjective; Noun; Verb (Trans); Adverb
Parallel
ˈpærəlel
Noun
Pl: parallels
Verb (Transitive)
PT: paralleled
PP: paralleled
PresP: paralleling
3rd S: parallels
Adjective
Pertaining to or being planes, lines, or rounded surfaces that are always equal distances from each other.
Noun
Any of a series of parallel geometric figures.
A parallel exists between the fates of Native Americans and Aborigines.
Noun
Parallel lines
ˈpærəlel
Adjective
Pertaining to or being planes, lines, or rounded surfaces that are always equal distances from each other.
The parallel yellow lines indicated a long no passing zone on the highway.
Noun
Parameter
pəˈræmɪtər
Pl: parameters
A fact or circumstance that limits how a thing is done or what can actually be done.
The corporate parameters for ethical behavior were drawn up after long discussions.
parametric (Adj)
Noun
Parasite
ˈpærəsaɪt
Pl: parasites
An organism that lives on or inside another larger organism; the host organism is either harmed or suffers no advantage.
انگل، صدای مزاحم، پا رازیت، دنباله رو، سربار
Small parasites infect mosquitoes and through the mosquito spread malaria.
Noun
Parental-leave
A period of time off that is granted from work, to a parent to nurture either a newborn baby or a recently adopted child or baby.
Parental-leave allows workers to spend time with their children and spouses.
Noun
Parish
ˈpærɪʃ
Pl: parishes
In the Christian religion this is a sector of a diocese that has its own church ad clergy member.
The church parish included two villages and small towns.
Adjective; Noun
Particular
pərˈtɪkjələr
Pl: particulars
Adjective
Pertaining to one person or thing out of several people or things.
Noun
An individual item. A single instance.
خصوصیات، تک، ویژه، مختص، نکته بین، منحصر بفرد، دقیق
New Yorkers are very particular about their restaurants and frequent only the best.
Adjective; Noun
Particulate
pərˈtɪkjleɪt
Pl: particulates
Adjective
Pertaining to or made up of individual particles.
Noun
A substance that is made up or individual particles.
وابسته به یا دارای ذرات بسیار ریز
The particulate nature of lava lamps allow a hypnotic sense of movement.
Noun; Adjective
Partisan
ˌpɑːtɪˈzæn
Pl: partisans
Noun
A person that supports a person, group, or cause extremely strongly.
Adjective
Showing extremely biased support for a cause.
British newspapers are highly partisan.
روزنامه های بریتانیایی به شدت حزبی هستند.
partisanship (N)
Verb; Noun; Interjection
Pass
pæs
Verb
PT: passed
PP: passed
PresP: passing
3rd S: passes
Verb (Trans & Intrans)
To be successful in a test or any other type of examination.
Noun
A document that gives a person the right to enter something.
Though struggling to understand the material the student knew he would pass with effort.
phrasal verb
Pass up
To forgo an opportunity.
رد کردن، صرف نظر کردن
I don’t think you should pass up the opportunity to go to university.
Noun
Pasta
ˈpɑːstə
Pl: pastas
A food that is made from flour, eggs, and water and can be shaped into various forms.
The various kinds and forms of pasta allow hundreds of Italian noodle dishes.
Noun; Adjective; Verb (Trans)
Patent
ˈpæɪtnt
Noun
Pl: patents
Verb (Transitive)
PT: patented
PP: patented
PresP: patenting
3rd S: patents
Noun
The absolute or exclusive right granted to an inventor to produce or sell inventions; the right is an official right and issued by a government organization.
Adjective
Very clear or obvious so as to not need further explanation.
Verb (Trans)
To get a patent to an invention.
امتیاز یا حق انحصاری بکسی دادن، حق ثبت اختراع
- He applied for a patent for a new method of removing paint.
- He wants to take out a patent on his new type of dustbin.
Noun
Patron
ˈpeɪtrən
Pl: patrons
A person who provides monetary or other type of support to someone or something.
پشتیبان، حامی
Patrons of the New York City opera provide financial support for the institution.
patrona (Adj) patronly (Adv)
Verb
Patronize
ˈpeɪtrənaɪz
PT: patronized
PP: patronized
PresP: patronizing
3rd S: patronizes
1. To act in a condescending way towards someone.
2. **formal** to use or visit a shop, restaurant etc
## Footnote
The program focuses on kids’ interests without patronizing them
patronizer (N)
Noun; Verb; Adjective
Peak
piːk
Noun
Pl: peaks
Verb
PT: peaked
PP: peaked
PresP: peaking
3rd S: peaks
Noun
The top of a mountain.
Verb (Trans & Intrans)
To reach the highest point of something like a mountain.
Adjective
Being at the highest point.
The peak of success in physics research is the Nobel Prize.
Noun; Adjective
Pedestrian
pəˈdestriən
Noun
A person that travels by walking.
Adjective
Dull, boring, or unoriginal.
پیاده رو، عابر پیاده، بی روح، مبتذل
a painting that is pedestrian and unimaginative
pedestrianism (N)
Verb (Intrans); Noun
Peer
pɪər
Verb (Intransitive)
PT: peered
PP: peered
PresP: peering
3rd S: peers
Noun
Pl: peers
Verb (Intransitive)
To look closely at someone or something that is hard to see.
Noun
A person who is of equal standing in social class or age to another person.
همتا
The United States justice system guarantees a jury of peers to decide a case.
Noun
Penalty
ˈpenlti
Pl: penalties
Legal punishment for carrying out a crime.
The penalty for drunken driving has been increased in most states.
Verb
Penetrate
ˈpenətreɪt
PT: penetrated
PP: penetrated
PresP: penetrating
3rd S: penetrates
To pass through or go into something by either piercing it or pushing into it.
نفوذ کردن
To penetrate to the heart of the question, the philosopher utilized a deductive approach.
Noun
Pentagon
Pl: pentagons
A five-sided geometric figures.
The five-sided building used to house military administration is called the Pentagon.
pentagonal (Adj) pentagonally (Adv)
Verb (Trans)
Perceive
pərˈsiːv
PT: perceived
PP: perceived
PresP: perceiving
3rd S: perceives
To observe something using the senses.
ملاحظه کردن، درک کردن، مشاهده کردن، دریافتن
To perceive the intricacies of the orchid requires a microscope.
برای ملاحظه پیچیدگی های ارکیده نیاز به یک میکروسکوپ است.
Perceive is not used in the progressive. You say:
I perceive a slight difference.
✗Don’t say: I am perceiving a slight difference.
perceivable (Adj) perceivably (Adv) perceiver (N)
Verb (Intrans)
Perish
ˈperɪʃ
PT: perished
PP: perished
PresP: perishing
3rd S: perishes
To die.
To perish and end one’s life without love is a human tragedy.
Verb (Trans)
Persecute
ˈpɜːrsɪkjuːt
PT: persecuted
PP: persecuted
PresP: persecuting
3rd S: persecutes
To oppress people because of their religious beliefs or race.
SYN: Harass
Like many celebrities, she complained of being persecuted by the press.
persecutee (N) persecutive (Adj) persecutor (N) persecutory (Adj)
Noun; Verb
Petition
pəˈtɪʃən
Noun
Pl: petitions
Verb
PT: petitioned
PP: petitioned
PresP: petitioning
3rd S: petitions
Noun
An written document that is signed by man different of people in order to demand for a specific action from the government or other official authority.
Verb (Trans & Intrans)
To give of address a petition to someone who is in a position of authority.
تقاضا دادن، نامه ی حاوی عرضحال یا دادخواست، طومار
- Local residents have drawn up a petition to protest the hospital closure.
- They wanted me to sign a petition against experiments on animals.
petitionary (Adj)
n., v.
Phase
feɪz
Noun
A distinct period of stage in the development of something.
Verb (Trans)
To organize or prepare something in stages.
Adj. n., v.
Phony
ˈfoʊni
Adjective
False and used to mislead.
Noun
A person or thing that is phony.
Verb (Trans)
To make something seem to be true when in reality it is false.
n., v.
Pinnacle
ˈpɪnəkəl
Noun
A person, place or thing’s highest point or level.
Verb (Trans)
To present something with a pinnacle.
اوج، قله نوک تیز
به اوج رساندن یا رسیدن، به حد اعلای چیزی رسیدن،
She had reached the pinnacle of her political career.
n.
Pint
paɪnt
A measurement of a liquid.
n., v.
Plague
pleɪɡ
Noun:
1. A disease that is infects and kills many people in a short amount of time because it spreads incredibly quickly.
2. The bubonic plague.
Verb (Trans):
To cause immense trouble, hardship, or pain to someone frequently.
افت، طاعون، سرایت مرض، دچار طاعون کردن، بستوه اوردن، ازار رساندن
The plague caused 100,000 deaths in London alone in the 1600s.
طاعون تنها در لندن در دهه 1600 باعث مرگ 100000 نفر شد.
n.
Plaintiff
ˈpleɪntɪf
A person who initiates a lawsuit against another person.
SYN: complainant
مدعی، شاکی، خواهان
Adj.
Plane
pleɪn
The flat or level surface of a material.
مسطح، تخت
n.
Platform
ˈplætfɔːrm
A stage that has been elevated so that performers can be seen more easily by the audience.
سطح مذاکره، کف کلفت، بلندی قسمتی از کف سالن یا محلی، سطح فکر
Adj.
Plausible
ˈplɒːzəbəl
Seeming to be true because there is no evidence to contradict its validity.
پذیرفتنی، باور کردنی، محتمل، قابل استماع
v.
Plead
pliːd
To make an urgent and sincere supplication.
لابه کردن، درخواست دادن، درخواست کردن، در دادگاه اقامه یا ادعا کردن
Civil rights groups pleaded for government help.
گروه های حقوق مدنی از دولت درخواست کمک کردند.
Plus
plʌs
Preposition:
Used to show the addition of one thing to another.
Adjective:
Demonstrating or involving the use of addition.
Noun:
A positive quantity.
n.
Pneumonia
nʊˈmoʊniə
An infection attacking the lungs that causes inflammation in the lungs.
Polygon
ˈpɑːlɪɡɑːn
figure.
n., v.
Pop
pɑːp
Noun:
A sudden, sharp, bursting sound.
Verb (Trans & Intrans):
To make or cause something to make a sudden, sharp and bursting sound.
انفجار، مشروبات گاز دار، زدن، ترکاندن، ترکیدن، با صدا ترکیدن
n.
Porcelain
A hard transparent material made out of ceramic than is used for making various types of items.
n.
Pornography
pɔːrˈnɑːɡrəfi
Materials such as written documents or photographs that contains sexually explicit images or words.
Adj.
Potent
ˈpoʊtənt
Very powerful, strong, and vigorous.
## Footnote
a **potent symbol** of oppression
نمادی قدرتمند از ظلم و ستم
n.
Pottery
ˈpɒ:təri
Items that are molded or shaped out of clay that has been moistened and then heated to be hardened.
n., Adj., v.
Power
ˈpaʊə
Noun:
1. The capacity, skill, or capability to do something.
2. Control and authority over others and their actions.
3. Physical strength or force.
Adjective:
Receiving power from an engine using electrical energy or fuel, instead of depending on manual labor.
Verb (Trans & Intrans)
To give power to something.
n.
Precaution
prɪˈkɒːʃən
A caution taken to safeguard someone from an unfortunate event.
پیش بینی، احتیاط، ژرفی، حزم، اقدام احتیاطی، احتیاط کردن
Vets took precautions to prevent the spread of the disease.
دامپزشکان برای جلوگیری از شیوع این بیماری اقدامات احتیاطی انجام دادند.
In everyday English, people usually say just in case rather than as a precaution:
I’m going to take my umbrella just in case.
n.
Precipitation
prɪˌsɪpɪˈteɪʃən
Rain, snow, or hail made by the condensation of moisture in the atmosphere and which then falls to the ground.
Mnemonic:
“Please Remember, Every Cloud Initiates Precipitation - It’s The Atmospheric Transformation Inducing Our Nourishment”. This creates an image of the process of rain or snow forming and falling from clouds to nourish the Earth.
ته نشینی، دست پاچگی، بارش
n.
Precursor
prɪˈkɜːrsər
Formal
A person, thing, or event that is often considered to lead to the development of other things because it came before all.
پیشرو
a precursor of modern jazz
n.
Predator
ˈpredətər
that hunts, kills, and eats other organism for its survival.
تغذیه کننده از شکار، شکارگر
a sexual predator
n.
Predisposition
ˌpriːdɪspəˈzɪʃən
A vulnerability to a specific disease due to hereditary or other factors.
استعداد، امادگی، تمایل قبلی
a predisposition towards alcoholism
تمایل به اعتیاد به الکل
n., v.
Preface
ˈprefɪs
Noun:
The introductory section of a written document or speech with a commentary on features of the text like the author’s intentions.
Verb (Trans):
To introduce an action, speech, or piece of written text with something.
اغاز، سراغاز، دیباچه، مقدمه، پیش گفتار، دیباچه نوشتن
The book is prefaced by a quotation from Faulkner.
پیشگفتار کتاب با نقل قولی از فاکنر آغاز شده است.
n.
Preferential
ˌprefəˈrenʃəl
Giving benefits or precedence to a specific individual or group of individuals.
تبعیض آمیز، مقدم
preferential credit terms for reliable borrowers
شرایط اعتبار ترجیحی برای وام گیرندگان قابل اعتماد
Adj.
Premature
‘priːməˈtʃʊr◂
Happening or developing earlier than normally expected.
نارس، زودرس، پیش از موقع، بدموقع
his premature death due to cancer
n., Adj.
Premium
ˈpriːmiəm
Noun:
The total amount of money paid in return for an insurance policy.
Adjective:
Of very good quality.
گرانتر، اضافه تر، حق بیمه، پاداش عمل، اعلاء
Consumers are prepared to pay a premium for organically grown vegetables.
Adj.
Preoccupied
priːˈɒ:kjəpaɪd
Thinking excessively about something or someone so that it takes up all of a person’s thoughts.
مجذوب، کاملا در فکر چیزی
He’s completely preoccupied with all the wedding preparations at the moment.
n.
Prestige
preˈstiːʒ
Honor or respected that is
successful, or prominent person or product.
اعتبار، نفوذ، آبرو، قدر و منزلت، حیثیت
- The king wanted to enhance his prestige through war.
- This little-known British firm has now gained considerable prestige.
n.
Prevalence
ˈprevələns
The state of occurring frequently or being common.
شیوع، پخش، نفوذ، رواج، غلبه
the prevalence of deafness in older age groups
Adj.
Previous
ˈpriːviəs
Happening before something or someone else.
n.
Prey
preɪ
An animal that is hunted by other animals in order to be used as food.
OPP: Preditor
n.
Primate
ˈpraɪmeɪt
Members of the mammal order which are characterized by having large brains and complex hands and feet.
پیشوا، اسقف اعظم، راسته پستانداران نخستین پایه
Prime number
A number that can only be divided by itself and one.
n.
Primer
ˈpraɪmər
- A textbook that contains simple stories and is used to teach very young children how to read.
- A paint that is used to coat a surface before paint is applied to that surface.
کتاب الفباء، فشنگ، چاشنی، بتونه، مبادی اولیه
a primer of good management techniques
Adj.
Primitive
ˈprɪmətɪv
Pertaining to or at the first stages of something.
OPP: advanced, modern
انسان اولیه، پیشین، قدیم، اصلی، بدوی، اولیه
The local hospital care is primitive and unreliable.
Adj., n.
Principal
ˈprɪnsəpəl
Adjective:
Being of primary importance.
SYN: Main
Noun:
A person who is the most important because he or she is most highly ranked.
SYN: headteacher
مدیر، سالار، مایه، رئیس، مدیر مدرسه، سرمایه اصلی، مجرم اصلی
n., v.
Probe
proʊb
Noun:
A detailed and comprehensive investigation.
Verb (Trans & Intrans):
To perform a detailed and comprehensive investigation.
کاوش، میله، تحقیق، کاوشگر، میله استحکام، اکتشاف جدید، تفحص و کاوش کردن
Police probed claims that he had sold drugs.
n.
Proceeds
ˈproʊsiːdz
Formal
The money derived from a commercial transaction.
درآمد (حاصل از فروش چیزی)، سود (حاصل از سرمایه گذاری و غیره)
The proceeds of the concert will go to charity.
n.
Prodigy
ˈprɒ:dɪdʒi
A person who exhibits outstanding natural ability for something at a very early age.
SYN: Genius
نابغه، چمراس، فرهمند، هرچیز معجزه آسا یا شگفت انگیز
Mozart was a musical prodigy.
v., n.
Produce
prəˈduːs
Verb (Trans & Intrans):
To manufacture or create something.
Noun:
Products like fruits and vegetables grown on a gram.
محصول، تولید کردن
fresh local produce
agricultural/organic/dairy[British] etc produce
n.
Product
ˈprɒ:dʌkt
Something that is manufactured or created by either a mechanical or natural processes in order to be sold.
n., v.
Profile
ˈproʊfaɪl
Noun:
The side view of a person’s face.
Verb (Trans & Intrans):
To present or present a short biography of someone.
ارائه شرح حال (مختصر و زنده) ، مقطع، نمایه، نیمرخ
The stock was favorably profiled in Friday’s edition of ‘Investor’s Daily’.
n., v.
Profit
ˈprɒ:fɪt
Noun:
The surplus of income over expenses during a specific time period.
Verb (Trans & Intrans):
To gain a profit from something.
n.
Project
ˈprɒ:dʒekt
Noun:
A plan that needs a lot of time and effort in order to be completed.
Verb (Trans & Intrans):
To extrapolate date in order to estimate something.
پیشبینی کردن، طرح، نقشه، پروژه، برجسته بودن، نقشه کشیدن، طرح ریزی کردن
The company projected an annual growth rate of 3%.
این شرکت رشد سالانه 3 درصدی را پیش بینی کرده است.