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AQA A-Level Physics > 6.0 Further Mechanics And Thermal Physics > Flashcards

6.0 Further Mechanics And Thermal Physics Flashcards

1
Q

Implications of circular motion

A

That there is an acceleration and requires a centripetal force

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1
Q

Implications of circular motion

A

That there is an acceleration and requires a centripetal force

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2
Q

Define angular speed

A

The rate of change of angular displacement

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2
Q

Define angular speed

A

The rate of change of angular displacment

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3
Q
A
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3
Q

What is angular speed measured in

A

Radians per second

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4
Q

What is centripetal acceleration

A

The acceleration acting towards the center of rotation, causing the object to rotate

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5
Q

What is centripetal force

A

The force acting towards the center of rotation, causing the object to rotate

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6
Q

Define simple harmonic motion (SHM)

A

A type of periodic motion where the acceleration of the object is directly proportional to its displacement. In opposing directions

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7
Q

What are the conditions for SHM

A

The force is proportional to the displacement and directed towards the equilibrium position

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of SHM

A

The motion is periodic, oscillating about the equilibrium position and the restoring force if from factors like gravity, or tension

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9
Q

How does kinetic energy vary in SHM

A

It is maximum at the equilibrium position and minimum at maximum displacement

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10
Q

How does potential energy vary in SHM

A

It is maximum at the maximum displacement and minimum at equilibrium position

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11
Q

Variation between total energy in SHM

A

Total energy remains constant, varying between Ke and Pe

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12
Q

Examples of simple harmonic systems

A

Mass-Spring systems, Simple pendulums, Tuning forks, vibrating molecules in solids

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13
Q

What is damping in oscillations

A

Damping is the effect of a resistive force that reduces the energy of a system, causing the amplitude to decrease

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14
Q

What are the three types of damping

A

Underdamping, critical damping, overdamping

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15
Q

Process of underdamping

A

The system oscillates with decreasing amplitude. Oscillations take time to stop

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16
Q

Process of critical damping

A

The system returns to equilibrium in the shortest possible time without oscillating

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17
Q

Process of overdamping

A

The system returns to equilibrium without oscillating, but more slowly than in critical damping

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18
Q

Effect of underdamping on period and frequency

A

the period increases slightly , but the frequency decreases.

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19
Q

Effect of critical and overdamping on period and frequency

A

These systems don’t oscillate so there is no period or frequency

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20
Q

What are free vibrations

A

They occur when the object oscillates without external forces after the initial displacement. Vibrating at its natural frequency

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21
Q

What is the natural frequency of an object

A

The frequency at which a system oscillates when displaced and released without external forces acting

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22
Q

What is a forced vibration

A

They occur when an external force is applied periodically, causing vibrations at the frequency of the applied force

23
Q

What occurs when the applied frequency is equal to the natural frequency

A

Resonance occurs, resulting in a large increase in the amplitude of the oscillations

24
Q

What is resonance

A

when the frequency of the applied force matches the system’s natural frequency, the system oscillates with a large amplitude

25
Q

effects of light damping on resonance

A

Produces a sharp resonance peak with large amplitude

26
Q

effects of overdamping on resonance

A

Reduces the amplitude and broadens the resonance peak

27
Q

Define internal energy

A

The sum of the randomly distributed kinetic energies and potential energies of the particles in a body

28
Q

Increase of internal energy

A

When energy is transferred by heating of having work done on it

29
Q

Energies during changes of state

A

Potential energies change but kinetic energies do not

30
Q

What is continuous flow

A

When a substance flows steadily and is continuously heated or cooled

31
Q

Equation of continuous flow calculations

A

Q=(m-dot)(c)(delta-T)

32
Q

symbol for specific heat capacity

A

c

33
Q

symbol for specific latent heat

A

l

34
Q

What are the three main gas laws

A

Boyle’s law, Charles’ law, Pressure law

35
Q

Define Boyle’s law

A

Pressure is inversely proportional to volume for a fixed temperature and mass

36
Q

Define Charles’ law

A

Volume is proportional to temperature for a fixed pressure and mass

37
Q

Define the Pressure law

A

Pressure is proportional to temperature for a fixed volume and mass

38
Q

What is the combined gas law

A

(p1V1)/T1=(p2V2)/T2

39
Q

What is n in the first ideal gas equation

A

The number of moles

40
Q

What is N in the second ideal gas equation

A

The number of molecules

41
Q

Define absolute zero

A

The lowest possible temperature, where a system has minimum internal energy

42
Q

The behavior of particles at absolute zero

A

They have no kinetic energy and motion theoretically ceases

43
Q

What is molar mass

A

The mass of one mole of a substance

44
Q

What is molecular mass

A

The mass of one molecule of a substance

45
Q

calculating moles

A

number of moles=mass/molar mass

46
Q

Define Brownian motion

A

The random, erratic movement of particles

47
Q

How does this provide evidence for the existence of atoms

A

the motion is caused by collisions with atoms or molecules surrounding it

48
Q

What is the simple molecular model of gases

A

Gases are made up of tiny particles in Brownian motion. these move in straight lines until they collide with others or the walls of the container. the collisions are elastic, and there are no intermolecular forces

49
Q

How does the model explain pressure

A

It is caused by the collisions of gas molecules on the walls of the container

50
Q

How does the model explain volume

A

when the volume changes, the particles have more space and thus, lowers the pressure

51
Q

How does the model explain temperature

A

Temperature is related to average kinetic energy, the faster the molecules move, the higher the temperature

52
Q

problems between gas laws and the kinetic theory model

A

the gas laws are derived from observations and the kinetic theory model is just theory

53
Q

Assumptions of the kinetic theory

A
  1. Particles only have kinetic energy
  2. All particles are identical
  3. Volume is negligible
  4. All collisions are elastic
  5. Particles follow Newtonian physics
  6. There are enough particles to be statistically significant
54
Q

Steps in deriving the kinetic theory

A
  • Pressure on walls of container cause change in momentum
  • ## Particle rebounds with opposing velocity so momentum = 2mv
55
Q

Internal energy of an idea gas

A

The kinetic energy of the atoms

56
Q

Change of our understanding of thermal physics over time

A

through experimental evidence and discoveries, our understanding has built, giving us kinetic theory and gas laws

57
Q
A

AQA A-Level Physics (9 decks)

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