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AQA A-Level Physics > 4.0 Mechanics And Materials > Flashcards

4.0 Mechanics And Materials Flashcards

1
Q

What is a vector quantity

A

It has both magnitude and direction

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2
Q

What is a scalar quantity

A

It has only magnitude and no direction

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3
Q

What are some examples of vector quantities

A

displacement, velocity, force

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4
Q

What are some examples of scalar quantities

A

distance, speed, energy

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5
Q

how are vectors drawn

A

arrows representing their direction and size

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6
Q

how are vectors added

A

by resolving into components or drawing a vector triangle

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7
Q

Conditions for multiple forces acting on a point

A

resultant must be zero for equilibrium

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8
Q

Define a moment

A

force × perpendicular distance between pivot and the line of action of the force

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9
Q

Define a couple

A

A pair of equal and opposite coplaner forces

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10
Q

Define the moment of a couple

A

force × perpendicular distance between lines of action of the forces

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11
Q

state the principle of moments

A

Sum of the anticlockwise moments = sum of the clockwise moments

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12
Q

Define the centre of mass

A

The point from where all the mass of an object appear to be concentrated

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13
Q

Where is the centre of mass of a uniform solid

A

in the centre of the object

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14
Q

Calculations of averages

A

Total value / total time

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15
Q

Characteristics of displacement - time graphs

A

gradient = velocity

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16
Q

Characteristics of velocity - time graphs

A

area = displacement
gradient = acceleration

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17
Q

Characteristics of acceleration - time graphs

A

area = velocity

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18
Q

Relationship between horizontal components and vertical components in projectile motion

A

They are independent of each other

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19
Q

Define friction

A

A resistive, contact force that opposes the relative motion of two surfaces

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20
Q

Define lift

A

A force that acts perpendicular to the direction of motion of an object moving through a fluid

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21
Q

Define drag

A

A resistive force that acts parallel and opposite to the direction of motion of an object moving through a fluid

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22
Q

Define terminal velocity

A

Terminal velocity is the constant velocity that an object reaches when the drag force acting on it equals the driving force

23
Q

relationship between air resistance and speed

A

Air resistance increases with speed

24
Q

Factors affecting maximum speed of a vehicle

A

shape, size, power

25
Q

Define Newtons first law of motion

A

An object will remain at rest or in constant straight line motion unless acted on by an external force

26
Q

Define Newtons second law of motion

A

The rate of change of the velocity is directly proportional to the force acting on it and inversely proportional to the mass

27
Q

Define Newtons third law of motion

A

If body A exerts a force on body B, then body B will exert an equal and opposite force on object A

28
Q

Define momentum

A

mass × velocity

29
Q

What must be conserved in all collisions

A

Momentum

30
Q

What is force

A

The rate of change of momentum

31
Q

Define impulse

A

The change in momentum

32
Q

Significance of area of a force-time

A

The impulse

33
Q

Define an elastic collision

A

momentum and kinetic energy conserved

34
Q

Define an inelastic collision

A

kinetic energy not conserved

35
Q

Define an explosions

A

The opposite to an inelastic collision, where energy is converted to kinetic energy

36
Q

Momentum conservation in transport design

A

crumple zones, air bags, and seat belts increase the time of impact, resulting in reduced forces on the passengers

37
Q

Define work done

A

Energy transferred

38
Q

Define power

A

The rate of energy transfer

39
Q

Area under force-displacement graphs

A

Work done

40
Q

What must always be conserved

A

Energy

41
Q

Define density

A

The mass per unit volume

42
Q

Define Hooke’s law

A

Force is directly proportional to extension up until the elastic limit

43
Q

Define the elastic limit

A

The maximum force or extension that a material can withstand while still returning to its original shape when the force is removed

44
Q

Define tensile strain

A

Tensile strain is the ratio of the extension of a material to its original length

45
Q

Define tensile stress

A

Tensile stress is the force applied per unit cross-sectional area of a material

46
Q

Define elastic strain energy

A

The energy stored in a material when it is deformed elastically

47
Q

Define breaking stress

A

The maximum stress a material can withstand before it fractures or breaks

48
Q

Define plastic behaviour

A

It occurs when a material is stretched beyond its elastic limit, causing permanent deformation

49
Q

How is plastic behaviour shown on a force-extension graph?

A

Beyond the elastic limit, the graph curves, indicating that the material is undergoing plastic deformation

50
Q

What is brittle behaviour?

A

Brittle behaviour occurs when a material fractures with little or no plastic deformation

51
Q

How is brittle behaviour shown on a force-extension graph?

A

There is no noticeable curve or plastic deformation before fracture

52
Q

What happens to energy during deformation within the elastic limit?

A

When a material deforms within its elastic limit, work is done, this energy is stored as elastic strain energy. The material returns to its original shape when the force is removed, conserving the energy

53
Q

Define young’s modulus

A

A measure of a material’s stiffness. The ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain within elastic limit.

AQA A-Level Physics (9 decks)

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