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Foundation in Biology - Term 1 Part 1 > 6 - Transport in Animals > Flashcards

6 - Transport in Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do we need a circulatory system?

A
  • Links exchange surface w/ cells throughout the body
  • Small molecules move btw. cells & their surroundings by diffusion
  • Diffusion is only efficient over small distances because the time it takes to diffuse is proportional to the square of the distance
    (small organisms have large SA so can use diffusion to absorb nutrients & remove waste products)
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2
Q

What do you need in a circulatory system?

A
  • Circulatory fluid
  • Set of interconnecting vessels
  • Muscular pump, the heart
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3
Q

What does the circulatory system do?

A

The circulatory system connects the fluid that surrounds cells w/ the organs that exchange gases, absorb nutrients, & dispose of waste

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4
Q

Name the closed circulatory system found in humans

A

Cardiovascular system

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5
Q

Arteries branch into…

A

arterioles

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6
Q

Where do the arteries carry blood?

A

Away from the heart to the capillaries

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7
Q

Venules converge into…

A

veins

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8
Q

Where do venules carry blood?

A

They return the blood from the capillaries to the heart

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9
Q

What are capillary beds?

A
  • Networks of capillaries

- The sites of chemical exchange btw. blood & interstitial fluid

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10
Q

Describe the structure of a single circulation system

A

-> Atrium -> Ventricle -> Artery -> gill capillaries -> systemic (body) capillaries -> vein ->

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11
Q

Describe the incomplete double circulation system found in e.g frogs

A
  • Can breathe in oxygen & O2 can also diffuse through skin (which is why it is important for them to remain moist
  • Mix of ox. & deoxy. blood
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12
Q

How does a double circulation system work?

A

Oxygen-poor & oxygen-rich blood are pumped separately from the right & left sides of the heart

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13
Q

What type of animals have a double circulation system?

A

Mammals

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14
Q

What is the central lumen?

A

The cavity of a vessel

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15
Q

What is the endothelium?

A

The epithelial layer that lines blood vessels

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16
Q

Describe the purpose of the endothelium of blood vessels

A
  • It passes nutrients through tissue

- Smooth layer minimises resistance of blood flow

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17
Q

Summarise some of the key differences between arteries & veins

A
  • Arteries have smaller lumen (larger pressure as blood is pushed away from heart)
  • Arteries have thicker smooth muscle tissue (need to control blood flow/pressure)
  • Arteries have larger connective tissue
  • Ox. blood passes through arteries
  • Deox. blood passes through veins
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18
Q

Describe the features of capillaries

A
  • Only slightly wider than a red blood cell

- Have thin walls to facilitate the exchange of materials (nutrients & waste products)

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19
Q

Slower blood flow means…

A

longer time to exchange

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20
Q

There are many capillaries so…

A

they have a large cross-sectional area

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21
Q

At the capillary beds where is exchange happening & how is it driven?

A
  • Exchange btw. blood & interstitial fluid takes place across the thin endothelial walls (of capillaries)
  • Diff. btw. blood pressure & osmotic pressure drives fluid out of capillaries at the arteriole end -> (capillaries at) venue end
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22
Q

Can blood proteins & blood cells pass through the endothelium?

A

No. Most blood proteins & all blood cells are too large to pass through the endothelium

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23
Q

Describe mammalian circulation

A
  • Blood begins its flow w/ the right ventricle pumping blood to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries
  • In the lungs, the blood loads O2 & unloads CO2
  • Ox.-rich blood from lungs enters heart (pulmonary veins -> left atrium)
  • The aorta provides blood to the heart through the coronary arteries
  • Superior vena cava (blood from head, neck & forelimbs) and inferior vena cava (blood from trunk & hind limbs) -> heart (blood returns)
  • The superior vena cava & inferior vena cava flow into the right atrium
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24
Q

Why does the left ventricle have a thicker muscular wall?

A

It needs to pump blood at a further distance, away from the heart to all parts of the body

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25
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

The rhythmic cycle in which the heart contracts & relaxes

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26
Q

What is systole?

A

The contraction/pumping phase

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27
Q

What is diastole?

A

The relaxation/filling phase

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28
Q

Describe the steps of the cardiac cycle

A
  1. Atrial & ventricular diastole - Both relaxed, blood flows into the atria & ventricles
  2. Atrial systole & ventricular diastole - Atria contracts, blood flows into the relaxed ventricles
  3. Ventricular systole & atrial diastole - Ventricle contracts, blood exits, atria relaxed, blood enters
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29
Q

Define heart rate

A

The number of beats per minute (also called the pulse)

30
Q

Define stroke volume

A

The amount of blood pumped in a single contraction

31
Q

Define cardiac output

A

The volume of blood pumped into the systemic circulation per minute and depends on both heart rate & stroke vol.

32
Q

What is the purpose of valves?

A

Prevent the back flow of blood in the heart

33
Q

What do the atrioventricular valves do?

A

The AV valves separate each atrium & ventricle

34
Q

What do the semilunar valves do?

A

Control blood flow to the aorta & the pulmonary artery

35
Q

How is the heart’s rhythmic beat maintained?

A
  • Some cardiac muscle cells are autorthymic (they contract without any signal from the nervous system
  • The sinoatrial (SA) node (a.k.a pacemaker), sets the rate & timing at which cardiac muscle cells contract
36
Q

How can impulses that travel during the cardiac cycle be recorded?

A

An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

37
Q

Describe how a heartbeat is produced

A
  1. Signals from the SA node spread through atria
  2. Signals are delayed at AV node
  3. Bundle branches pass signals to heart apex
  4. Signals spread throughout ventricles (through Purkinje fibres)
38
Q

Which two divisions of the nervous system is the pacemaker regulated by?

A
  • Sympathetic

- Parasympathetic

39
Q

Which division of the nervous system speeds up the pacemaker?

A

Sympathetic

40
Q

Which division of the nervous system slows down the pacemaker?

A

Parasympathetic

41
Q

What two things are pacemakers also regulated by?

A
  • Hormones

- Temperature

42
Q

What is blood?

A

It is a connective tissue consisting of several kinds of cells suspended in a liquid called plasma (the cellular elements occupy about 45% of the vol. of blood)

43
Q

What does plasma contain?

A
  • Inorganic salts as dissolved ions, sometimes called electrolytes
  • Plasma proteins
44
Q

Describe the functions of plasma proteins

A
  • Influence blood pH and help maintain osmotic balance btw. blood & interstitial fluid
  • Function in lipid transport, immunity & blood clotting
45
Q

What is the main difference between plasma & interstitial fluid?

A

They are similar in composition but plasma has a much higher protein concentration

46
Q

Describe the ratio as a percentage of cellular elements & plasma in the blood

A

Plasma -> 55%

Cellular elements -> 45%

47
Q

Name the three types of cells that are suspended in blood plasma & their functions

A
  • Red blood cells (erythrocytes) transport O2
  • White blood cells (leukocytes) function in defence
  • Platelets are fragments of cells that are involved in clotting
48
Q

Where are the cellular elements of blood (erythrocytes, leukocytes & platelets) developed from most commonly?

A

The cellular elements of blood all develop from a common source of stem cells in red marrow of bones (especially ribs, vertebrae, sternum & pelvis)

49
Q

What is the function of hormone erythropoietin (EPO)?

A

Stimulates erythrocyte production when O2 delivery is low

50
Q

What can recombinant EPO be used for?

A

To treat people with conditions such as anemia

51
Q

Name the two types of cells produced by stem cells in bone marrow

A
  • Lymphoid stem cells

- Myeloid stem cells

52
Q

Name the type of cells made from lymphoid stem cells

A

Lymphocytes (T & B cells)

53
Q

Can platelets have a pathogenic role?

A

Yes - they can stick together when not necessary, blocking the lumen of vessels

54
Q

Name the 5 types of white blood cells & put them in order of abundance

A

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

  • Neutrophils
  • Lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
55
Q

Which type of white blood cell differentiate into macrophages?

A

Monocytes

56
Q

What is the main structure of red blood cells?

A

Haemoglobin

57
Q

Which cellular element is the most abundant?

A

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

58
Q

In mammals mature erythrocytes lack…

A

nuclei & mitochondria

59
Q

What does haemoglobin contain in its structure that allows the transport of O2?

A

Haemoglobin contains a haem prosthetic group that has an iron atom at its centre

60
Q

When is the haem group red?

A

When the iron is bound to O2 (oxyhaemoglobin)

61
Q

When is the haem group blue-red?

A

When it lacks oxygen (deoxygenated form)

62
Q

Why does haemoglobin pick up O2?

A

Because of the increased O2 pressure in the capillaries of the lungs

63
Q

Describe what happens to oxygen in the tissues

A
  • Oxygen is released to body cells as the O2 pressure in the tissues is lower
64
Q

Why is oxygen released at the tissues?

A

The CO2 levels in the tissues lowers the pH & the binding of haemoglobin to CO2, facilitating the release of O2

65
Q

What happens to CO2 from respiring cells?

A
  • It diffuses into the blood & is transported in blood plasma, bound to haemoglobin
  • CO2 produced during cellular respiration lowers blood pH & decreases affinity of haemoglobin for O2, allowing it to pick up CO2
66
Q

What happens to the curve of haemoglobin saturation & O2’s partial pressure in a more acidic environment?

A

The curve shifts to the right (more carbonic acid)

67
Q

What is the shape of the haemoglobin saturation & O2 partial pressure curve?

A

slanted S-curve

68
Q

Explain why increasing CO2 levels shifts the curve to the right

A
  • More CO2 means there is more carbonic acid produced (H2CO3)
  • This makes the environment more acidic
  • Therefore, the curve shifts to the right
69
Q

What 3 factors cause the Bohr effect, shifting the curve to the right? ( Bohr effect = the shifting)

A
  • Higher CO2
  • Lower pH
  • Higher temperature
70
Q

What is affinity for O2 like in foetal haemoglobin? Explain your answer

A
  • Curve shifts to the left
  • Lower conc. of O2 as it travels from mother’s body to foetus & O2 is used by mother
  • Lower partial pressure of O2 in foetal haemoglobin
  • This means foetus needs higher affinity for O2
71
Q

Name the two types of circulatory system

A

Open & closed

72
Q

Name the two main types of circulation

A
  • Single

- Double (separate sides of the heart & separation of blood)

Foundation in Biology - Term 1 Part 1 (8 decks)

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