1.4 - Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

What are lipids?

A

A diverse group of compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents e.g ethanol

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2
Q

Name four important lipids

A
  • Triglycerides a.k.a fats (most common)
  • Waxes
  • Steroids
  • Cholesterol
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3
Q

Explain the difference between the C, H & O ratio in carbohydrates & lipids

A

Lipids have a higher proportion of H & a lower proportion of O than carbohydrates

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4
Q

What is the main role of lipids? How does this role compare the carbohydrates?

A
  • Main role of lipids is as an energy source

- Provides more than twice the amount of energy as carbohydrates

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5
Q

Where are lipids stored?

A

In adipose tissue (body fat)

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6
Q

Describe the two other roles of lipids (apart from as an energy source)

A

Heat insulation - adipose tissue (underneath skin of mammals) helps reduce heat loss

Protection - Adipose tissue around delicate organs e.g kidneys acts as cushion against impacts

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7
Q

Name the two smaller molecules that make up lipids

A

Glycerol & fatty acids

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8
Q

What is glycerol?

A

3C alcohol w/ -OH (hydroxyl) group attached to each C

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9
Q

What is a fatty acid?

A

Consists of -COOH (carboxyl) group attached to a long C skeleton

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10
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid?

A
  • It has the max. no. of H atoms possible

- No double bonds

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11
Q

What is a unsaturated fatty acid?

A

Have one or more double bonds

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12
Q

What does polyunsaturated mean?

A

Has 2 or more double bonds

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13
Q

What does monounsaturated mean?

A

Has one double bond

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14
Q

Describe the structure of a phospholipid

A
  • Has 2 fatty acids & glycerol attached to phosphate group
  • Fatty acid tails are hydrophobic
  • Phosphate head (w/ glycerol) is hydrophilic
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15
Q

Why do fats separate from water?

A

Water molecules H bond to each other & exclude the fats

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16
Q

Describe what happens to phospholipids in water and how this applies in the body

A
  • They self-assemble into double-layered structures called bilayers
  • Hydrophobic tails point toward the interior
  • The bilayer arrangement made is found in cell membranes
    (Existence of cells depends on phospholipids)
17
Q

What are the components of the cell membrane?

A
  • Phospholipids
  • Proteins
  • Transport protein
  • Carbohydrates
18
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

3 fatty acids joined to glycerol (by an ester linkage)

19
Q

What are the roles of triglycerides?

A
  • Main component of blood
  • Makes up most of adipose tissue
  • Covers internal organs & protects them from physical ‘trauma’ or ‘shock’
20
Q

Triglycerides can be saturated or unsaturated. True or false?

A

True

21
Q

What is the most abundant steroid in the body?

A

Cholesterol

22
Q

Describe the general structure of cholesterol

A
  • Methyl (-CH3) groups
  • Alkyl chain (-CH2-CH2-)
  • Hydroxyl (-OH) groups
  • These groups are attached to a steroid nucleus
23
Q

Name the parts that a steroid nucleus consists of

A
  • 3 cyclohexane rings
  • 1 cyclopentane ring attached
  • No fatty acids
24
Q

What is cholesterol?

A
  • A type of steroid
  • Component in animal cell membranes
    (& a precursor from which other steroids are synthesised)
25
Q

From which foods is cholesterol obtained?

A

Meats, milk & eggs

26
Q

Where is cholesterol made?

A

Cholesterol is synthesised in the liver

27
Q

What is the importance of cholesterol?

A

Needed in:

  • Cell membranes
  • Brain & nerve tissue
  • Steroid hormones
  • Vitamin D
28
Q

How can a high level of cholesterol be damaging to the body?

A

High levels of cholesterol in the blood clogs arteries (does so by forming plaques) and may contribute to cardiovascular disease