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"Shut up," said Chemistry absently > 6: Organics I > Flashcards

6: Organics I Flashcards

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1
Q

Hydrocarbons definition

A

Molecules consisting of only hydrogen and carbon atoms

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2
Q

Empirical formulae definition

A

The lowest whole number ratio of atoms

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3
Q

Molecular formulae definition

A

The actual number of each type of atom

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4
Q

General formulae definition

A

The algebraic formula for a homologous series

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5
Q

Structural formulae definition

A

A minimal detail layout that shows the arrangement of atoms

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6
Q

Displayed formulae definition

A

A drawing showing all covalent bonds

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7
Q

Skeletal formulae definition

A

Simplified organic formulae without hydrogen atoms on alkyl chains

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8
Q

Addition reaction definition

A

Two molecules react together to produce one

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9
Q

Elimination reaction definition

A

The removal of a small molecule (often water) from the organic molecule

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10
Q

Substitution reaction definition

A

Swapping a halogen atom for another atom/group of atoms

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11
Q

Hydrolysis reaction definition

A

Adding water to an organic molecule

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12
Q

Polymerisation reaction definition

A

Two molecules added together to form 1 longer chain

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13
Q

Structural isomers definition

A

Same molecular formula but different spatial arrangement of atoms

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14
Q

Homologous series definition

A

Families of organic compounds with the same functional group and general formula

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15
Q

Functional group definition

A

An atom or group of atoms which cause molecules to have similar chemical properties

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16
Q

Shape of a Z-isomer

A

C

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17
Q

Shape of an E-isomer

A

Z

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18
Q

General formula for alkanes

A

C(n)H(2n+2)

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19
Q

How are alkane fuels obtained?

A

The fractional distillation of crude oil

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20
Q

Reforming definition

A

Turning straight chain hydrocarbons into branched chain alkanes and cyclic hydrocarbons

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21
Q

Benefits of reforming

A

Allow for more efficient combustion

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22
Q

Harmful chemicals produced during combustion of alkane fuels and associated danger

A

CO toxic, NO toxic and can form smog, NO2 toxic and forms acid rain, SO2 forms acid rain, C global dimming and respiratory problems, unburnt hydrocarbon form smog

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23
Q

Benefits of catalytic converters for waste gases

A

Cause CO2 and NO; hydrocarbons and NO; to react together, forming N2 and other products which are less harmful

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24
Q

Advantages of biofuels

A

Renewable, Allows fossil fuels to be used for other purposes, no risk of large scale pollution

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25
Q

Disadvantages of biofuels

A

Less space for food crop, shortage of fertile soil

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26
Q

Free radicals definition

A

Species with an unpaired electron

27
Q

Formation of free radicals

A

Formed from homolytic fission of a covalent bond

28
Q

Combustion of ethane

A

2(C2H6) + 7(O2) → 4(CO2) + 6(H2O)

29
Q

(T) Free radical substitution of alkanes equations

A

Use ethane: 1 initialisation, 2 propagation, 3 termination

30
Q

Reason for low yield of free radical substitutions

A

Further substitutions can occur

31
Q

General formula for alkenes

A

C(n)H(2n)

32
Q

Bonding in a C=C bond

A

1 σ and 1 π bond

33
Q

Electrophile definition

A

An electron pair acceptor

34
Q

Conditions and type of reaction for: alkene + hydrogen → alkane

A
  • Addition/reduction

- Nickel catalyst

35
Q

Use of hydrogenation

A

Hydrogenating C=C bond in vegetable fats and oils to produce margarine

36
Q

Conditions and type of reaction for: Alkene + halogen → dihalogenoalkane

A

-Electrophilic addition

37
Q

(T) Alkene + halogen → dihalogenoalkane

A

-π bond induces dipole in X(2)

38
Q

(T) Alkene + hydrogen halide → dihalogenoalkane

A

-Major product formed via more stable carbocation

39
Q

Conditions, reaction, use and type of reaction for: Formation of alcohol from alkene

A

-Alkene + steam + [O] → alcohol
-KMnO4 in acidified solution
-Purple MnO4(-) ions turn colourless
Test for alkenes

40
Q

Reaction and use of reaction for: Alkene + bromine water

A
  • C2H4 + BrOH → CH2BrCH2OH
  • Bromine water turns colourless
  • Can be used to test for alkenes
41
Q

Reaction, type of reaction and conditions for: hydration of alkene

A
  • Alkene + H2O → alcohol
  • Hydration, electrophilic addition
  • 70atm, 300-600°C, Conc H3PO4 catalyst
42
Q

Methods for disposing of waste polymers

A
  • Incineration
  • Recycling
  • Feedstock for cracking
43
Q

Benefits and negatives of incinerating waste polymers

A

+Releases energy for electricity production
+Greatly reduces volume of rubbish
-Some toxins released

44
Q

Benefits and negatives of recylcing

A

+Saves raw materials

-Expensive to sort polymers

45
Q

Benefits and negatives of feedstock for cracking

A

+Polymers broken down into small, more useful molecules

+Saves raw materials

46
Q

Examples for what are biodegradable polymers made from

A

Maize and starch

47
Q

Nucleophile definition

A

An electron pair donor

48
Q

Reaction, type of reaction and conditions for: Formation of alcohol from halogenoalkane

A
  • Halogenoalkane + KOH(aq) → alcohol
  • HUR
  • In aqueous solution
  • Nucleophilic substitution
49
Q

(T) Halogenoalkane + KOH(aq) → alcohol for primary and tertiary halogenoalkane

A

Primary → SN1, Secondary → SN2

50
Q

Reason for for different paths for Halogenoalkane + KOH(aq) → alcohol

A

The methyl groups prevent the OH(-) from attacking the halogenoalkane, Primary don’t do SN1 as they would form and unstable carbocation - tertiary is stabilised by surrounding methyl groups

51
Q

Reaction for: halogenoalkanes(haloethane) + silver nitrate(ethanol)

A

CH3Ch2X + H20 → CH3CH2OH + H(+) + X(-); X(-) + Ag(+) → AgX

52
Q

Colours for AgI, AgBr, AgCl

A

AgI - yellow precipitate, AgBr - cream precipitate, AgCl - white precipitate

53
Q

Reaction, type of reaction and conditions for: formation of a nitrile from halogenoalkane

A
  • halogenoalkane + KCN → nitrile
  • Nucleophilic substitution
  • HUR
  • Same as halogenoalkane + KOH(aq)
54
Q

Reaction, type of reaction and conditions for: formation of amine from halogenoalkane

A
  • halogenoalkane + NH3 → nitrile
  • Nucleophilic substitution
  • Heat under pressure in sealed tube (Not HUR)
55
Q

(T) Halogenoalkane + NH3 → nitrile

A

-Further substitutions

56
Q

Reaction, type of reaction and conditions for: formation of alkene from halogenoalkane

A
  • halogenoalkane + KOH(ethanol) → alkene
  • In ethanol
  • Heat
  • Elimination
  • CH3CH2CH2X +KOH(ethanol) → CH3CH=CH2 + KX + H20
57
Q

How to determine rates of hydrolysis in halogenoalkanes

A

Time taken for precipitate to form when silver nitrate is added

58
Q

Halogenoalkane reactivity trends

A

iodo>bromo>chloro>fluoro

59
Q

Reaction, type of reaction and conditions for: formation of chloroalkane from alcohol

A
  • Ch3Ch2OH + PCl5 → CH3CH2Cl + POCL3 + HCl

- HCl given off → test for alcohol

60
Q

Reaction, type of reaction and conditions for: formation of bromoalkane from alcohol

A
  • CH3CH2OH + HBr → CH3CH2Br + H20

- HBr formed by 50% conc H2SO4 + KBr

61
Q

Reaction, type of reaction and conditions for: formation of iodoalkane from alcohol

A
  • 3(CH3CH2OH) + PI3 → 3(CH3CH2I) + H3PO3

- PI3 produced in situ by red phosphorus and iodine

62
Q

Reaction, type of reaction and conditions for: oxidation of primary alcohols

A
  • Primary alcohol → aldehyde → ketone
  • CH3CH2CH2OH + 2[O] → CH3CH2COOH + H20
  • HUR
  • Reagent: K2Cr2O7 + dilute H2SO4
  • Orange Cr2O7(2-) → green Cr3+
63
Q

Reaction, type of reaction and conditions for: oxidation of secondary alcohols

A
  • Secondary alcohol → aldehyde
  • CH3CH(OH)CH3 + [O] → CH3C(O)CH3 + H2O
  • Reagent: K2Cr2O7 + dilute H2SO4
  • Orange Cr2O7(2-) → green Cr3+
64
Q

Reaction, type of reaction and conditions for: oxidation of tertiary alcohols

A

No reaction

"Shut up," said Chemistry absently (9 decks)

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