6 - organic part 2 Flashcards
nucleophile
a species that donates a lone pair of electrons to form a covalent bond with an electron-deficient atom
hydrolysis reaction
one in which water or hydroxide ions replace an atom in a molecule with an -OH group
nitriles
organic compounds containing the C-CN group
primary amines
compounds containing the C-NH2 group
nucleophilic substitutions
reaction in which an attacking nucleophile replaces an existing atom or group in a molecule
ethanolic solution
where ethanol is the solvent
elimination reaction
where a molecule loses atoms attached to adjacent carbon-atoms, forming a C=C double bond
halogenation reaction
results in the replacement of the hydroxyl group in an alcohol molecule by a halogen atom
dehydration reaction
results in the removal of the hydroxyl group in an alcohol molecule, together with a hydrogen atom from an adjacent carbon atom, forming a C=C double bond
ketones
a homologous series of organic compounds formed by oxidation of a secondary alcohols
aldehydes
a homologous series of organic compounds formed by the partial oxidation of primary alcohols
carboxylic acids
a homologous series of organic compounds formed by the complete oxidation of primary alcohols
heating under reflux
involves heating a reaction mixture with a condenser fitted vertically
distillation with addition
involves heating a reaction mixture, but adding another liquid and distilling off the product as it forms
simple distillation
used to separate liquids with very different boiling points
fractional distillation
used to separate liquids with similar boiling points
solvent extraction
used to separate a liquid from a mixture by causing it to move from the mixture to the solvent
