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A-Level Edexcel Chemistry Flashcards > 6:Organic Chemistry I > Flashcards

6:Organic Chemistry I Flashcards

1
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A group of compounds that have the same functional group and general formula
- each successive member is increased by CH2

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2
Q

What is the suffix for an alkane?

A

-ane

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3
Q

What is the prefix for a branched alkane?

A

Alkyl-

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4
Q

What is the suffix for an alkene?

A

-ene

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5
Q

What is the suffix for an alcohol?

A

-ol

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6
Q

What is the suffix for an aldehyde?

A

-al

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7
Q

What is the suffix for a ketone?

A

-one

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8
Q

What is the suffix for a carboxylic acid?

A
  • oic acid
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9
Q

What is the prefix and suffix for a cycloalkane?

A

Cyclo- -ane

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10
Q

What are the steps of nomenclature?

A

1) Find the length of the stem
2) Functional group will give the suffix
3) Number the carbon chain so that the functional group sits on the lowest possible carbon
4) Make a note of the carbon number the functional group is attached to. Place this number before the suffix
5) Any side chains/less important chains are written as prefixes in alphabetical order

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11
Q

What is a chemical mechanism?

A

They are curly arrows that show the movement of electrons
- the curly arrow starts from an area of electrons to an electron deficient area

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12
Q

What are the types of mechanisms?

A
  • Radical substitution
  • Electrophilic addition
  • Nucleophilic substitution
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13
Q

What is radical substitution used for?

A

Reacting halogens to alkanes to make halogenoalkanes

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14
Q

What is electrophilic addition used for?

A

Adding halogen and hydrogen halides to alkanes to make halogenoalkanes

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15
Q

What is Nucleophilic Substitution used for?

A

Primary halogenoalkanes and aqueous hydroxide to make alcohols.
Amines are made by reactions with ammonia

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16
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

Substances with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

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17
Q

What are the three different types of structural formula?

A
  • Chain
  • Positional
  • Functional group
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18
Q

What are chain isomers?

A

Isomers with the same molecular formula but different arrangement of the carbon skeleton

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19
Q

What are positional isomers?

A

Isomers with the same molecular formula but different position of the functional group on the carbon skeleton

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20
Q

What is a functional group isomer?

A

An isomer with the same molecular formula but different functional group

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21
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Saturated hydrocarbons

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22
Q

What are cycloalkanes functional group isomers with?

A

Alkenes

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23
Q

What is bond fission?

A

The breaking of a covalent bond

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24
Q

What are the two types of bond fission than can occur?

A
  • Heterolytic fission
  • Homolytic fission
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25
Q

What happens during heterolytic fission?

A

The bond break but the electrons are distributed unevenly to form two different ions

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26
Q

What happens during homolytic fission?

A

The bond breaks with the pair of electrons in the bond being shared equally to form two uncharged radicals.

27
Q

What are the three stages of free radical chain reactions?

A

1) Initiation
2) Propagation
3) Termination

28
Q

What happens during initiation in free radical chain reactions?

A

Radicals are produced normally using either visible light or UV (this process is called a photochemical reaction).
The bond breaks producing two radicals .

29
Q

What happens during propagation in free radical chain reactions?

A
  1. The Cl radical reacts with a methane molecule to make a methyl radical
  2. The methyl radical reacts with a Cl2 molecule forming chloromethane and a Cl radical

This Cl radical can react with more methane thus making this a chain reaction

30
Q

What is the equation that occurs during initiation in free radical chain reactions of making chloromethane?

A

Cl - Cl —> Cl* + Cl*

UV used to produce this

31
Q

What is the equation that occurs during propagation in free radical chain reaction of making chloromethane?

A
  1. Cl* + CH4 —> HCl + *CH3
  2. CH3 + Cl2 —> CH3Cl + Cl
32
Q

What happens during termination in free radical chain reactions?

A

Two radicals react to make a stable non-radical molecule

33
Q

What is the equation that occurs during termination in free radical chain reactions of making chloromethane?

A

*CH3 + *Cl —> CH3Cl

34
Q

How can we reduce the likelihood of the production of di,tri and tetrachloromethane being formed when making chloromethane?

A

By adding excess methane

35
Q

How does fractional distillation work?

A

The vaporised oil enters the column and rises through the trays. The longest hydrocarbons don’t vaporise and run down to the bottom.
The column has a temperature gradient. It’s cooler at the top. As the vapour rises parts of the mixture condenses out at different temperatures.

36
Q

What are the use of gas?

A

Used in LPG and stove gas

37
Q

What are the uses of petrol?

A

Used in petrol cars

38
Q

What are the uses of diesel oil?

A

Used as diesel fuel

39
Q

What are the uses of kerosene?

A

Used as jet fuel and heating

40
Q

What are the uses of fuel oil?

A

Used in ships and power stations

41
Q

What are the uses of bitumen?

A

Used in roofing and tarmac

42
Q

What are alkenes?

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one double bond

43
Q

What are sigma bonds?

A

2 ‘s’ orbitals, they align horizontally to give a single covalent.
-> There is a strong electrostatic attraction between the nuclei and shared pair of electrons due to the high electrons density between the nuclei.

This makes the sigma bond have a high enthalpy

44
Q

What are pi bonds?

A

The parallel overlap of 2 ‘p’ orbitals
-> ‘p’ orbitals are dumbbell shaped and when they merge they form two oblong shapes. One
on the top and one on the bottom

45
Q

Why are pi bonds weaker than sigma bonds?

A

In pi bonds the electron density is more spread out above and below the nuclei. The electrostatic attraction is weaker so bonds have a lower bond enthalpy.

46
Q

Why are alkenes more reactive?

A

The double bond in alkenes have a high electron density
-> alkenes have both sigma and pi bonds between the bond
The pi bond sticks out so it’s open to attack from electrophiles. The pi bond also has low bond enthalpy.

47
Q

Why are alkanes less reactive compared to alkenes?

A
  • Alkanes only have a sigma bond
  • They are non-polar
48
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

Isomers with the same structural formula but different arrangement of atoms in a space

49
Q

What shape are atoms bonded to C=C bond?

A

Planar

50
Q

Can atoms rotate around the C=C bond?

A

No, they are rigid

51
Q

What is an Entgagen (E) isomer/trans-isomer?

A

Isomers that have the same group on the opposite side of the double bond (diagonal)

52
Q

What is an Zusammen (Z) isomer/cis-isomer?

A

Isomers that have the same group on the same side of the double bond (horizontal)

53
Q

How can we determine if an isomer is an E/Trans or Z/Cis isomer if there are four different groups around the double bond?

A

We use the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules

54
Q

What are the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules for stereoisomers?

A

Rule 1: Label carbons on the double bond as ‘carbon1’ and ‘carbon2’

Rule 2: Calculate the atomic number of the first element directly bonded to the C=C. The atom with the highest atomic number is given higher priority
-> If atomic number is the same, check further down the chain to workout the priority

55
Q

Why are alkenes attacked by electrophiles?

A

The double bond has high electron density. The electrophile adds to the molecule.

56
Q

What are electrophiles?

A

Substances which are electro pair acceptors.
- they are deficient in electrons

57
Q

What are examples of electrophiles?

A
  • positively charged ions
  • polar molecules (due to the δ+ part)
58
Q

Where does the curly arrow start from electrophilic addition?

A

From the double bond

59
Q

What conditions are required to form ethane from ethene (electrophilic addition)?

A

React with hydrogen gas.
150°C
Nickel catalyst

60
Q

What is the chemical test for alkenes?

A

Decoloration of bromine water (addition reaction)

61
Q

What is the colour change in the addition of bromine for the test for alkenes?

A

Brown-orange Bromine water turns colourless

62
Q

What are the steps for the addition of bromine?

A

1) Br2 is polarised as electrons in the double bond (of alkene) repels electrons in Br2
2) An electron pair in the double bond is attracted to the δ+ Bromine and forms a bond (this breaks the Br-Br bond)
3) A carbocation intermediate (C+) is formed and the δ- Bromine is attracted to it
4) Colourless dibromoalkane is formed

63
Q

What are the products of the hydration of alkene?

A

Alcohols

64
Q

What conditions are used in the hydration of alkenes?

A

Steam and an acid catalyst (H+)

A-Level Edexcel Chemistry Flashcards (6 decks)

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