1:Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table

Question 1

What is relative atomic mass?

Answer 1

It is the weighted mean mass of an atom of an element, compared to 1/12 of the mass of an atom of Carbon-12.

Question 2

What is relative isotopic mass?

Answer 2

It is the mass of an atom of an isotope compared to 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon-12

Question 3

How do you calculate relative atomic mass?

Answer 3

(Isotopic abundance x isotopic mass number) / total isotopic abundance

Question 4

What are the four stages of mass spectrometry?

Answer 4

1) Ionisation
2) Acceleration
3) Deflection
4) Detection

Question 5

What happens at the ionisation stage of mass spectrometry?

Answer 5

There are 2 ways ionisation can happen: Electronspray or Electron Impact

• Electronspray: proton is taken off solvent which attaches to the sample making it positively charged
• Electron Impact: sample is heated then, electrons are used to hit electrons off the sample to make it positively charged.

Question 6

What happens at the acceleration stage of mass spectrometry

Answer 6

Particles are all given the same amount of kinetic energy and then accelerated. The lighter particles travel faster

Question 7

What happens at the deflection stage of mass spectrometry

Answer 7

A magnet is used to deflect the particles towards a detection sheet

Question 8

What happens at the detection stage of mass spectrometry

Answer 8

1) The ions hit a negatively charged plate.
2) This causes a current and the size of this current gives a measure of the number of molecules hitting the plate.
3) This gives the abundance of the molecule.

Question 9

How many electrons can an orbital hold?

Answer 9

Up to 2

Question 10

How many orbitals are in the s-shell?

Answer 10

1

Question 11

How many electrons can the s-shell hold?

Answer 11

2

Question 12

How many orbitals are in the p-shell?

Answer 12

3

Question 13

How many electrons can the p-shell hold?

Answer 13

6

Question 14

How many orbitals are in the d-shell?

Answer 14

5

Question 15

How many electrons can the d-shell hold?

Answer 15

10

Question 16

How many orbitals are in the f-shell?

Answer 16

7

Question 17

How many electrons can the f-shell hold?

Answer 17

14

Question 18

How many electrons can the first quantum shell hold?

Answer 18

2

Question 19

How many electrons can the second quantum shell hold?

Answer 19

8

Question 20

How many electrons can the third quantum shell hold?

Answer 20

18

Question 21

How many electrons can the fourth quantum shell hold?

Answer 21

32

Question 22

What is spin-paring?

Answer 22

When 2 electrons occupy 1 orbital they ‘spin’ in opposite directions

Question 23

What is the ground state?

Answer 23

The electron shell closest the the nucleus.

Question 24

What happens when an electron absorbs energy?

Answer 24

It moves up to a higher quantum shell, eventually the electron will move back down and release this energy

Question 25

How does the emission spectra provide evidence for quantum shells?

Answer 25

Radiation emitted will have a fixed frequency as the energy shells are fixed *(electrons can’t exist between shells)*. The defined line that the spectra shows that electrons exist in shells only

Question 26

What is ionisation energy?

Answer 26

The minimum amount of energy required to to remove 1 mole of electrons from 1 mole of atoms in a gaseous state.

Question 27

What factors affect ionisation energy?

Answer 27

- Shielding - Atomic Radius - Nuclear Charge