6) Muscle & Nerve

Question 1

How do smooth and skeletal muscles differ in terms of control?

Answer 1

Smooth muscle: Involuntary control.
Skeletal muscle: Voluntary control.

Question 2

What is the function of muscle tissue?

Answer 2

Produces movement.

Question 3

What are key features of muscle tissue?

Answer 3

Highly vascularized

Derived from mesoderm

Contains numerous mitochondria for energy

Contains contractile proteins (actin & myosin)

Only striated muscles have a regular arrangement of actin and myosin

Question 4

What are the three types of muscle?

Answer 4

Skeletal (voluntary), cardiac (involuntary), and smooth (involuntary).

Question 5

What controls muscle activity?

Answer 5

Chemical and mechanical forces regulated by the nervous system.

Question 6

Describe the structure of skeletal muscle.

STRAITED VOLUNTARY

Answer 6

Long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells on the periphery, highly vascularized, striated, no cell division.

Question 7

What is the function of skeletal muscle?

Answer 7

Voluntary movement, manipulation of the environment, facial expressions, and heat generation.

Question 8

Where is skeletal muscle found?

Answer 8

Attached to bones and occasionally to skin.

Question 9

Describe the structure of cardiac muscle.

STRAITED INVOLUNTARY)

Answer 9

Branched fibers, 1-2 central nuclei, collagen between fibers, rich capillary network, intercalated discs.

Question 10

What is the function of cardiac muscle?

Answer 10

Pumps blood.

Question 11

Where is cardiac muscle located?

Answer 11

Myocardium of the heart.

Question 12

What is the role of intercalated discs?

Answer 12

Attach fibers and facilitate rapid spread of contractile stimuli.

Question 13

Describe the structure of smooth muscle.

Non-Striated, Involuntary

Answer 13

Non-branching, single central nuclei, arranged in sheets, no striations, capable of division.

Question 14

What is the function of smooth muscle?

Answer 14

Moves substances through organs.

Question 15

Where is smooth muscle located?

Answer 15

Walls of blood vessels, hollow organs, and viscera.

Question 16

Q: What is the function of nervous tissue?

Answer 16

Conducts electrical impulses and relays information.

Question 17

Q: Where is nervous tissue found?

Answer 17

A: Brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Question 18

Q: What are the two types of cells in nervous tissue?

Answer 18

Neurons (excitable cells).

Neuroglia (supporting cells).

Question 19

Q: What are the components of a neuron?

Answer 19

A: Soma (cell body), dendrites (receive information), and axon (transmits information).

Question 20

Can neurons regenerate?

Answer 20

A: No, neurons do not regenerate after death but may regenerate after damage if the cell body is viable.

Question 21

CNS consists of

Answer 21

Cerebrum, cerebellum & spinal cord

Question 22

PNS consists of

Answer 22

Spinal & cranial nerves, ganglia & sense organs autonomic nervous system

Question 23

Q: What are the four types of CNS neuroglia and their functions?

Answer 23

Oligodendrocytes: Form myelin sheaths in the CNS.

Astrocytes: Form the blood-brain barrier and provide structural support.

Ependymal Cells: Line the central canal and ventricles; involved in CSF formation.

Microglia: Act as macrophages, aiding immune defense.

Question 24

Q: What are the regions of the CNS based on myelin distribution?

Answer 24

White matter: Myelinated axons, lacks cell bodies.

Grey matter: Contains neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and glial cells.

Question 25

Q: What is the primary function of the cerebrum?

Answer 25

A: Responsible for higher neurological functions like memory, emotion, and consciousness.

Question 26

Q: What is the structure of the cerebellum?

Answer 26

A: Grey matter forms convoluted folds (folia); coordinates muscular activity and posture.

Question 27

Q: How is the spinal cord structured?

Answer 27

A: Grey matter inside (butterfly pattern), white matter outside.

Question 28

Q: What does the PNS consist of?

Answer 28

A: Nerves, ganglia, and nerve endings.

Question 29

Q: What is a ganglion?

Answer 29

A: A collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS.

Question 30

Q: What forms the myelin sheath in the PNS?

Answer 30

A: Schwann cells.

Question 31

Q: Name a few diseases affecting the nervous system.

Answer 31

Stroke: Blockage or bleeding of brain vessels.

Epilepsy: Uncontrolled neuronal excitability.

Neurodegenerative Disorders: Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, motor neuron disease.

Demyelinating Diseases: Affects signal transmission.