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Anatomy & Physiology III > 2) Overview of Cells and Specializations of Epithelium > Flashcards

2) Overview of Cells and Specializations of Epithelium Flashcards

1
Q

Cell membrane aka plasma membrane

A

Regulates what enters and exits the cell

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2
Q

Nucleus Vs Nucleolus

A

Specialized organelle that controls the cell

Ribosomal production and initial assembly of ribosomes

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3
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Jelly-like fluid in the cell membrane

Houses organelles and inclusions

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4
Q

Mitochondria

A

ATP

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5
Q

Ribosomes

A

Made of protein and RNA. Free ones roam in cytoplasm, attached ones are on the RER

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6
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Membranous tubules and sacs

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7
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum: Rough (RER)

A

Has ribosomes attached to its surface (that’s why it’s rough) and specializes in protein synthesis and modification and to be exported into the cell membrane

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8
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum: Smooth (SER)

A

Lacks ribosomes (that’s why it’s smooth) and is involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification (breakdown of toxic substances), and calcium storage

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9
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Receives newly synthesizes proteins from RER via transport vesicles, their proteins are post translationally modified, glycosylated or phosphorylated and packaged for transport through the cell.

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10
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contains digestive enzymes and breaks down worn out cell parts or invaders. Apoptosis happens there as well

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11
Q

Secretory granules

A

Vesicles that contain specific substances synthesized by cells from the golgi apparatus and get release from the cell membrane by exocytosis

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12
Q

Vacuoles

A

Stores nutrients, water, enzymes, pigments and wastes.

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13
Q

What is Cytology?

A

It’s the study of the structure and function of cells.

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14
Q

Cell division: INTERPHASE

A
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15
Q

Cell division: PROPHASE

A

“Prepare”: The chromosomes condense (get thick and visible), and the nuclear membrane starts breaking down. Spindle fibers begin to form.

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16
Q

Cell division: METAPHASE

A

“Middle”: Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, and spindle fibers attach to their centers (centromeres).

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17
Q

Cell division: ANAPHASE

A

“Apart”: The spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids (identical halves) apart to opposite sides of the cell.

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18
Q

Cell division: TELOPHASE

A

“Two”: Two new nuclei form as the chromosomes are now at opposite ends, and the cell starts to split. The chromosomes also begin to uncoil.

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19
Q

What are the 4 basic tissues?

A

Epithelium
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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20
Q

Which tissue has the following functions: Covering, Lining, Glandular

A

Epithelium

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21
Q

Which tissue has the following functions: Connecting & Supporting

A

Connective

22
Q

Which tissue has the following functions: Movement

A

Muscle

23
Q

Which tissue has the following functions: Transmission of impulses

A

Nervous

24
Q

T or F: Cells in the epithelium DO NOT have a regular shape and arrangement

A

False

25
Q

Where are the apical surface and basemental surface on the epithelium?

A

Apical is the surface facing outside the lumen (surface of the skin)
The basemental surface is adjacent to the underlying tissue

26
Q

T or F: Epithelium is Avascular?

A

True

27
Q

What are some functions of the epithelium?

A

Protection
Reduces friction
Absorption
Cleaning
Excretion
Sensation
Secretion
Diffusion

28
Q

Explain SIMPLE SQUAMOUS epithelium

A

Single layer of flat cells; thin and smooth; allows for easy diffusion.

Gas exchange, filtration, and diffusion.

29
Q

Explain SIMPLE CUBOIDAL epithelium

A

Single layer of cube-shaped cells; may have microvilli or cilia.

Absorption, secretion, excretion.

30
Q

Explain SIMPLE COLUMNAR epithelium

A

Single layer of tall, column-like cells; may have goblet cells and microvilli or cilia.

Absorption of nutrients, secretion of digestive enzymes.

31
Q

Explain PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR epithelium

A

Appears stratified, but all cells touch the basement membrane; often has goblet cells and cilia.

Secretion and movement of mucus via cilia.

32
Q

Explain STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS KERATINIZED epithelium

A

Multiple layers of cells; surface cells are flat and dead; contain keratin.

Protection against abrasion, water loss, and pathogens.

33
Q

Explain STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS NON-KERATINIZED epithelium

A

Multiple layers; surface cells are flat but alive; no keratin.

Protection against abrasion and pathogen entry.

34
Q

Explain STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL epithelium

A

Two or more layers of cube-shaped cells.

Protection and secretion.

35
Q

Explain STRATIFIED COLUMNAR epithelium

A

Multiple layers of cells; surface cells are columnar.

Protection and secretion.

36
Q

Explain TRANSITIONAL epithelium

A

Several layers of cells; surface cells are dome-shaped and can stretch.

Allows for stretching as bladder fills.

37
Q

What is MICROVILLI?

A

Tiny Fingerlike projections of the cell membrane

increases surface area for absorption.

38
Q

What is CILIA?

A

Hairlike projections that extend from the cell surface

capable of movement.
(only one that moves out of microvilli and stereocilia)

Moves fluids/particles

39
Q

What is STEREOCILIA?

A

Long, thin, finger-like

Sensation, absorption

40
Q

What are Goblet cells?

A

Goblet-shaped, no projections

No movement (mucus secretion only)

Cytoplasm (mucus-filled)

41
Q

What is the difference between Keratinized and non-keratinized epithelium?

A

keratinized epithelium is better suited for dry, high-friction areas, while non-keratinized epithelium serves moist surfaces where absorption and protection are both necessary.

42
Q

State some facts about Keratinized epithelium.

A

Dead, keratin-filled, no nuclei

Presence of Keratin: Present

Moisture: Dry

Protection: High (against friction, drying)

Locations: Skin, palms, soles

43
Q

State some facts about non-Keratinized epithelium.

A

Alive, moist, retain nuclei

Presence of Keratin: Absent

Moisture: Moist

Protection: Moderate

Locations: Esophagus, oral cavity, vagina

44
Q

What are Cell junctions?

A

Intercellular junctions are structures which provide adhesion and communication between cells

Present in epithelial cells but can be in other cells (cardiac muscle) that are characterized by their strong attachment to each other and to the extracellular matrix

Provides stability to epithelial tissue

3 types –>
- tight junctions
- adherent (includes desmosomes and hemidesmosomes)
- gap junctions

45
Q

What are Tight Junctions?

A

seal adjacent cells in a narrow band beneath their apical surface

 Molecules pass between cell through diffusion or active transport

 Tight belt prevents other molecules from passing

46
Q

What are Gap Junctions?

A

 Gap junctions: intercellular channels that permits free transfer and exchange of nutrients, ions and signal molecules

47
Q

What are Adherent Junctions?

Subunits: Desmosomes and Hemidesmosomes

A

 provide strong mechanical attachment between cells

 hold epithelial cells and cardiac muscle together

 Desmosomes: localized patches that hold 2 cells together
(in simple terms: Strong cell adhesion) Ex: Skin, heart

 Hemidesmosomes: link cells to underlying basement membrane
(in simple terms: Anchor to basement membrane)
Ex: Skin (epidermis-dermis)

48
Q

Glandular epithelium: Exocrine and Endocrine

A

Exocrine: products are excreted to the surface
via. a duct
(i.e epi or lining surface)
Mucous or serous

Endocrine: products are secreted into blood
no ducts are involved
(i.e thyroid hormones)

49
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secrete substances through the
duct onto body surfaces

 Mucous or serous

 Simple: 1 duct (sweat glands in
skin)

 Compound: more than 1 duct
(salivary glands)

50
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Substances are released and go directly
to the bloodstream (hormones)
* Goes further into the body

2 types
* Follicles (thyroid) hormones are
stored in follicles, epi is simple cuboidal

  • Clump and cord (pancreas) pituitary
    gland, secretory glands are surrounded
    by a rich network of blood supply
  • Going directly into blood stream

Anatomy & Physiology III (16 decks)

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