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U0 Religion 207 > 6 midterm (Psychological and Phenomenological Approaches) > Flashcards

6 midterm (Psychological and Phenomenological Approaches) Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the Anthropology of religion

A

studies humankind in its religious aspects, especially in terms of culture or development.

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2
Q

what is Anthropology of religion preoccupied with

A

It is preoccupied with a cultural system, its symbolic meanings qua rites and beliefs

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3
Q

what is the Sociology of religion

A

studies the dynamics of religious groups, understanding the influence of religious groups on religious individuals and collective religious behavior

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4
Q

what is our theme in tracking the development from Stage 1 to Stage 2 study of religion

A

From transcendence to immanence

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5
Q

what is From transcendence to immanence

A

Shift from the spiritual truth and meaning of religious beliefs and practices (philosophy and theology) to the material truth and meaning of these beliefs and practices in and for society (anthropology and sociology)

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6
Q

what has been a central focus in this development

A

Issues of modernization and secularity

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7
Q

Issues of modernization and secularity have been a central focus in this development. It has guided social scientists in what

A

their interest in religion

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8
Q

The academic concern with religion is a preoccupation with what

A

a social- cultural reality to understand our present. It is a preoccupation with structures of meaning that influence us, whether it’s religion in relation to technology, the economy, politics, or whatever. Religion isn’t going anywhere, which is a fact that continues to stimulate social-scientific interest.

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9
Q

what does Psychology of religion focus on

A

focuses on the religious individual, her/his experiences and perceptions of religious phenomena

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10
Q

what is included in stage 2

A

social science and history

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11
Q

what is included in stage 3

A

phenomenology

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12
Q

In preparation for the move to Stage 3, we look to what

A

a methodological distinction

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13
Q

In preparation for the move to Stage 3, we look to a methodological distinction that led from what

A

the material- historical emphasis to one of religious meaning qua religious in phenomenology: the distinction between ‘explanation’ and ‘description’

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14
Q

In preparation for the move to Stage 3, we look to a methodological distinction that led from the material- historical emphasis to one of religious meaning qua religious in phenomenology: the distinction between ‘explanation’ and ‘description’.

R&H use this distinction to do what

A

R&H use this distinction to identify the respective approaches of psychology of religion and phenomenology of religion, the former being ‘explanatory’, the latter being ‘descriptive’. However, psychology of religion includes both. We use these distinctions to identify the three principal psychologists outlined in R&H. Phenomenology practices a distinct manner of ‘description’.

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15
Q

philosophy of religion is considered what in stage 3

A

explanatory

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16
Q

phenomenology od religion is considered what in stage 3

A

descriptive

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17
Q

However, psychology of religion includes what

A

both explanatory and descriptive

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18
Q

H use this distinction to identify the respective approaches of psychology of religion and phenomenology of religion, the former being ‘explanatory’, the latter being ‘descriptive’. However, psychology of religion includes both. We use these distinctions to identify what (stage 3)

A

the three principal psychologists outlined in R&H. Phenomenology practices a distinct manner of ‘description’

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19
Q

what is included in explanation

A

Depth-psychological approaches

objective approaces

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20
Q

who is involved with Depth-psychological approaches

A 
Sigmund Freud (psychoanalysis)
C.G. Jung (analytical psychology)
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21
Q

what is objective approaches

A

“Cognitive and related ‘hard science’ approaches” (R&H, pp. 99-101)

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22
Q

what is included in description

A

humanistic

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23
Q

who is included in humanistic

A

William James (Serial method)

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24
Q

what is included in humanistic

A

Phenomenologists of religion

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25
Q

what does description do

A

combines emphasis on human experience and religious insight

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26
Q

what does explanation so

A

assumption: religion is other than it appears to be

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27
Q

how does description organize data

A

organizes data related to experience and their religious meanings (symbols)

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28
Q

how does explanation organize data

A

organizes data that elucidates religious expressions according to a material bias

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29
Q

what are the classical sources of description

A

St. Augustine
F. Schleiermacher
S. Kierkegaar

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30
Q

what are the classical sources of explanation

A

Ancient Greece and rome
18th C philosophers (hume and Rousseau)
L. Feuerbach

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31
Q

how is religion portrayed in description

A

sympathetically (from within)

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32
Q

How is religion portrayed in explanation

A

critically (from without) search for bilabial and psychological causes

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33
Q

what does description tend to do

A

Classical sources tend to essentialism religion =”Feeling “,”Intuition “,”Imagination”

34
Q

what does explanation tend to do

A

Classical and contemporary sources tend to reductionism: religion = nothing but a desire to satisfy certain biological drives

35
Q

What approach does Sigmund Freud use

A

Philosophical approach[classical]

36
Q

What did freud focus on

A

Ontogeny

37
Q

what is Ontogeny

A

Ontogeny refers to a focus in psychology concerned with the development of the individual (e.g., the Oedipus complex)

38
Q

according to freud, I religion illusory or delusory

A

illusory

39
Q

according to freud Religion is illusory (not delusory) wish fulfillment grounded in what

A

the Oedipus complex

40
Q

what is the Oedipus complex

A

a crucial pattern of object relations when a child experiences sexual desire toward a parent of the opposite sex and jealousy and rage toward all rivals, especially the parent of the same sex
(father is the main parent talked about)

41
Q

according to freud, how does religion come into one’s life

A

As a child negotiates feelings of rage toward the parent of the opposite sex as indispensable, he or she longs for their protection and comes to reverence the rival that initially inspired rage. This reverence and “longing for the father comes to constitute the root of every religion”.

42
Q

how does freud explain social organization and religion and its ethical restrictions

A

through phylogeny

43
Q

what does freud say about the phylogeny

A

OedipusComplex(thedesiretoeliminatethefatherandwishtopossess the mother) restates at an individual level what anthropologists were saying occurred at a social level in primeval times: a fateful patricide!
–
The father of the primal horde, a despot of epic proportions, seized all women for himself. Viewing his sons as dangerous rivals, he had some killed and others driven away. The sons banded together to overwhelm, kill, and devour their father. Although an enemy, their father had also become the sons’ ideal. After their patricide, the sons were unable to take over their heritage because they stood in each others’ way. On account of this failure and remorse they came to an agreement to band together in a clan which aimed to prevent the repetition of patricide and jointly aimed to forgo the possession of the woman on whose account they killed their father. As a result they took foreign women as wives (origin of exogamy) and commemorated their fearful deed in a festival which included a sacred meal, a practice from which sprang the sense of guilt. This for Freud explains simultaneously the social organization of religion and its ethical restrictions.

44
Q

what is Phylogeny

A

refers to a focus in psychology concerned with the development of a civilization (e.g., Freud’s theory of the evolution of religion). It often recapitulates ontogeny

45
Q

give an overview of Phylogeny

A

The future of an illusion: religion as wish fulfillment is an infantile manner of coping with nature’s overwhelming hardships. As in the Oedipus complex, humans come to recognize an omnipotent and omnibenevolent father figure who provides (1) shelter from life’s hardships and (2) a sense of purpose in an otherwise indifferent universe
• The future of such an illusion will become destitute on account of the increasing influence of the more excellent procedures of science and reason, which aid humankind in an honest quest toward maturity, i.e., from illusion to reality

46
Q

Problems with Freud include what

A

his Victorian interpretations of human sexuality, his grand theorizing about religion and civilization, his explanatory reductionism, and his overly exuberant appreciation of science

47
Q

historical significante of freud is what

A

Historical significance: the unconscious influence in daily human life: the individual unconscious, with its matrix of repressive thoughts and feelings, is more fundamental and powerful than conscious, rational deliberation

48
Q

what approach did Carl G. Jung take

A

Psychological Approaches

49
Q

Jung took issue with who

A

Freud

50
Q

Jung took issue with Freud, augmenting what

A

Freud’s personal unconscious with the collective unconscious: a deeper layer of the unconscious

51
Q

what is the collective unconscious

A

The collective unconscious is the repository of “archetypes”

52
Q

what are archetypes

A

The archetypes encapsulate certain forms of experience (the shadow, the animus/anima, the self, etc.).

53
Q

what did jung say about religions

A

contain a wealth of symbolic ideas and images that correspond with archetypes in the collective unconscious

54
Q

what did jung say about the collective unconscious

A

The collective unconscious provides clues, via these universally experienced archetypes, to negotiate complexes and personal anxieties

55
Q

what did jung say about dreams

A

Our dreams are a kind of crucible of the collective unconscious over which we have no control. For that reason we can pay heed to a deeper layer of consciousness that eludes our ego and what we repress. Paying attention to our dreams and their archetypes helps us to negotiate the psychological tensions in life, both positive and negative, a process Jung calls “individuation.”

56
Q

what does jung say individuation (the process) is

A

the psychological tensions in life, both positive and negative

57
Q

what is the definition of individualization according to jung

A

Individuation is “a coming together [integration] of the complementary conscious and unconscious aspects of the self” (Rodrigues & Harding, p. 89). Because religious symbols are both ancient and represent archetypes, they help in the process of individuation by providing interpretations of archetypes (the mandala and God, e.g., as archetypes of the Self, psychic wholeness)

58
Q

freud and jung represent what kind of approaches to the study of religion

A

explanitory approaches

59
Q

what is the difference between freud and jung

A

Freud emphasizes the repressive (“negative”) function of religion
Jung emphasizes the individuating or self-realizing (“positive”) potential of religion

60
Q

how are both freud and jung explanatory

A

They’re explanatory in that both wish to explain the presence and/or value of religion in a person’s life exclusively in accordance with Freud’s and Jung’s individual psychologies

61
Q

is willian james explanitory or descriptive

A

William James, our next figure, is also explanatory in emphasis, but he manages to be descriptive in his “positive” assessment of religion

62
Q

what was james interested in

A

the pathology of religious states, i.e., the physiological, observable symptoms of religious experiences that correlate with psychological processes

63
Q

James was interested in the pathology of religious states, i.e., the physiological, observable symptoms of religious experiences that correlate with psychological processes; how did he explain religious visions

A

religious visions = epileptic seizures

64
Q

James was interested in the pathology of religious states, i.e., the physiological, observable symptoms of religious experiences that correlate with psychological processes how did he explain
religiousself-loathing/melancholy

A

religious self-loathing/melancholy=auto-intoxication by some organ

65
Q

James was interested in the pathology of religious states, i.e., the physiological, observable symptoms of religious experiences that correlate with psychological processes how did he explain religious ecstasy

A

religious ecstasy=delirium

66
Q

James was interested in the pathology of religious states, i.e., the physiological, observable symptoms of religious experiences that correlate with psychological processes how did he explain demonic possession

A

demonic possession=hysteria

67
Q

James was interested in the pathology of religious states, i.e., the physiological, observable symptoms of religious experiences that correlate with psychological processes how did he explain faith healing

A

faith healing = auto suggestion; etc.

68
Q

James refers to this kind of emphasis as what

A

existential (for us: explanatory)

69
Q

what is meant by james’ “exisential”

A

an interest in the constitution, origin, and history of a psychological phenomenon.

70
Q

what did jame think about the explanation approach/what was his explanatory approach

A

James didn’t see explanation of religion as impinging on the value of religious experience, which he describes as a “spiritual” judgment. Explanation must respect boundaries. Religion must be judged according to the benefits it provides individuals, not on the basis of its various pathologies

71
Q

what did james think about the descriptive approach/what was his descriptive approach

A

James’s descriptive approach didn’t wish to convert religious categories into psychoanalytic ones. He proposed a way of serially describing mystical states, dividing them into simple types: “healthy- mindedness” and the “sick soul.”

72
Q

James is famous for his description of what

A

four core elements of religious experience

73
Q

James is famous for his description of four core elements of religious experience (i.e., mysticism)
what are they

A

Ineffability
Noetic quality
Transiency
Passivity

74
Q

what is mysticism

A

mystic consciousness is what he emphasized really,

like having a mystical experience

75
Q

what is Ineffability

A

defies expression; must be experienced directly

aka cannot be explained

76
Q

what is noetic quality

A

transcendent/revelational/ authoritative knowledge

only you can really understand it

77
Q

what is transiency

A

short-lived

78
Q

what is passivity

A

loss of sense of self, agency; being grasped by a superior power (“God”) or state of being (true Self/no self/etc)

79
Q

who has authority of methodological directives (mystic experiences for example) according to james

A

Methodological directives, which fall in line with the descriptive approach, concerning the truth or authority about such experiences

basically aka religion believers do not have the right to say that others should be having the same experiences as they did

80
Q

James further evaluates religious experiences in terms of understanding the significance of religious experiences: what does he conclude

A

to consider their exaggerations and perversions, its equivalents and substitutes and nearest relatives elsewhere. “Not that we may thereby swamp the thing in the wholesale condemnation which we pass on its inferior congeners, but rather that we may by contrast ascertain the more precisely in what its merits consist, by learning at the same time to what particular dangers of corruption it may also be exposed” (James)

U0 Religion 207 (9 decks)

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