3 midterm (anthropological and sociological approaches 2)

Question 1

Marx’s bias is that what

Answer 1

theology and philosophy are a product of “inverted consciousness”

Question 2

what is “inverted consciousness”

Answer 2

that is, reality for them is constituted by ideas, not as it actually is: by material and social forces

Question 3

what is Feuerbach’s stance on Alienation

Answer 3

religion confuses the idea of God with Human reality (= alienation).

Question 4

what is Feuerbach’s stance on reconciliation

Answer 4

True knowledge consists in placing Humanity in the place of God (= reconciliation)

Question 5

what is marx’s stance on Alienation

Answer 5

religion legitimates a class struggle between the ruling class (bourgeois) and the working class (proletariat) by being resigned to an otherworldly state of affairs (= alienation)

Question 6

what is marx’s stance on reconciliation

Answer 6

True knowledge consists in a changed state of affairs, overthrowing the capitalist economic system that uses religion to reinforce the capitalist status quo (= reconciliation):

Question 7

marx’s stance as compared to feuerbch’s stance marks the shift from classical theology and philosophy to what

Answer 7

classical anthropology and sociology, from philosophy and theology as the means by which religion is to be explained. It also marks the culminating movement of the process from transcendence to immanence

Question 8

This background explains why early sociology and anthropology felt that a scientific explanation of religion should focus on what

Answer 8

the human, not the divine—in some cases: the human as “divine”
• the importance of material (“empirical”) explanations of religion, not speculation (i.e. philosophy and theology)

Question 9

This background also explains why early sociology and anthropology adopted a pejorative attitude toward religion… what is another phrase/label for this

Answer 9

“the criticism of religion”

Question 10

what is the bridge from transcendence to immanence

Answer 10

Hegal
Freuerbach
Marx

Question 11

give an overview of hegal

Answer 11

Hegal tries to show that we can not get the full perspective, when we dive up the universe we are alienated from who we are.

Question 12

give an overview of marx

Answer 12

eliminate the class struggle (tale away the religion and the bourgeoisie has nothing over proletariates

Question 13

what ar the different approaches

Answer 13

evolutionist
functionalist
interpretive
structuralist

Question 14

who is included in evolutionist

Answer 14

Durkheim, Tylor, Müller, Frazer

Question 15

who is included in Functionalist

Answer 15

Durkheim, Malinowski, Radcliffe-Brown, Evans-Pritchard

Question 16

who is included in Interpretive

Answer 16

Geertz

Question 17

who is included in Structuralist

Answer 17

Lévi-Strauss, Turner

Question 18

early anthropology inherited the critical spirit of who

Answer 18

Feuerbach and Marx

Question 19

early anthropology inherited the critical spirit of Feuerbach and Marx toward religion wedding it to the view that religion, especially primal forms, were what

Answer 19

“somehow retarded on the path of cultural progress (and even mental development)”

Question 20

early thinkers were what

Answer 20

evolutionists

Question 21

Early theorists were thus enamored by a quest for what

Answer 21

for the origins of religion

Question 22

what was the basic assumption of the anthropologists

Answer 22

By di•scLéovi-eSrtirnaugssr,eTluigrnioenr inprimalform,wecould track developments in terms of stages of ascendancy, supremacy.

Question 23

monotheism (worship of one god), for many evolutionists, meant what

Answer 23

christianity

Question 24

what was the crowning achievement that religion had to offer

Answer 24

a historical coincidence of the european mentality

christianity was supreme but underdeveloped compared to our developed humanistic society

Question 25

what was Durkheim

Answer 25

classical sociologist

Question 26

did all early sociologists regard religion ”negatively” in terms of alienation:

Answer 26

no

Question 27

what did Émile Durkheim say

Answer 27

“All religions are true”. • Religions reflect the moral ideals and social organization of a group, its self-consciousness. • Religion is eminently social, a system of practices and beliefs that pertain to sacred entities which unites believers into a collective. • Religions provide a sense of cohesiveness • Religions’ importance consists in its social function, not in its transcendent statements

Question 28

what is meant by Durkheim's "all religions are true"

Answer 28

they are all true for him because it has been universal practiced and it has been one of the elements that tie people together (social cohesiveness)

Question 29

why do we study primitive religions

Answer 29

because we want to study the religions as it first was before any fo the tempering or schemes that come from it

Question 30

to durk, understanding religion is what

Answer 30

understanding society

Question 31

was durk in the positive or negative mindset about religion

Answer 31

positive

Question 32

what was weber

Answer 32

classical sociologist

Question 33

was weber part of the evolutionist trend

Answer 33

no, he was an exception

Question 34

weber thought understanding religion was important for what

Answer 34

Understanding religion is an important means of understanding global economy

Question 35

Religion (i.e. Protestantism) is a catalyst for what(weber)

Answer 35

the proliferation of modern capitalism

Question 36

To view religion’s role in society as passive is both to do what (weber)

Answer 36

misunderstand the values that feed an economy and religion’s active impact on it

Question 37

how was weber similar and different from marx

Answer 37

just trying t correlate the influence of religion on global economy, kind of development of marx, but unlike hard (who saw religion as a non-revolutionary) he thought you use a social phenomenon to explain religion basically; weber was a sociologist of religion religion is important to him because of the ways it provided us of catalysis to capitalism looked at religion as an independent variable that explained social phenomenon compared to marx who thought it was a dependant variably that society explained

Question 38

what did anthropology do for religion

Answer 38

provided definitions for religions

Question 39

what was Edward Burnett Tylor

Answer 39

early evolutionist anthropologist.

Question 40

what is Edward Burnett Tylor known for

Answer 40

He is known for his concept of “animism” as a central component explaining the evolution of religion

Question 41

what is "animism"

Answer 41

life force

Question 42

to Edward Burnett Tylor, Religions exemplify means by which our early and later ancestors understood what

Answer 42

Religions exemplify means by which our early and later ancestors understood the vital principle of life that pervades all reality.

Question 43

Edward Burnett Tylor's views on animism explain what

Answer 43

this leads us from primitive to more advanced societies

Question 44

Religion, for Tylor, was what

Answer 44

“belief in supernatural beings,"

Question 45

Religion, for Tylor “belief in supernatural beings,” originated in what

Answer 45

ancestral wonder about the distinction between our dream and waking states, life and death aka what we experience when we are unconscious, that shapes and figures in our dreams is what lead people to thin about things outside our material world

Question 46

Tylor’s influences include who

Answer 46

Herbert Spencer (1820- 1903) and Max Müller (1823-1900)

Question 47

Müller is often described as hwhat

Answer 47

as the father of comparative religion or the science of religious studies

Question 48

Muller says that Religion is worship of natural forces.. what does this mean

Answer 48

ligion is a personification of elements and bodies in the natural world that equate with or are governed by supernatural deities

Question 49

Muller says we study religions why

Answer 49

We study religious language to properly understand the spirit of wonder in humanity

Question 50

give a brief summary of muller

Answer 50

father of comparative religions (the science of religion) misplaces worship of natural forces religion is a personification for him people like him are treating mythological language for metaphors that could be properly understood naturally considered myths as a disease of language early stage like this, there is an alienation of religion-- is underdeveloped means of understanding the world what do we do? for him, the reason we study "god names" and religious language is to properly understand the spirit of wonder in humanity-- these spirits say things about us not about the divine (this is a key thread in anthropology religious stuff)

Question 51

who is a famous example of arm chair anthropology

Answer 51

James George Frazer

Question 52

what did James George Frazer do

Answer 52

expanded on the distinctions between magic, science, and religion, placing them in the context of evolutionary progression

Question 53

what did James George Frazer say magic was

Answer 53

pseudo-science (incorrect view of natural laws)

Question 54

what did James George Frazer say religion was

Answer 54

a higher form of thinking than magic, on account of metaphysical speculation and ethical reflection

Question 55

what did James George Frazer say science was

Answer 55

exemplary form of knowledge that surpasses magic and religion evidenced in culturally developed societies

Question 56

what are the reasons for the demise of evolutionism

Answer 56

Premise of evolutionism: religion and science are negatively correlated, i.e., with the increase of scientific knowledge, religious beliefs will decrease and eventually disappear “[A]lthough conventional religious practices ... may have eroded, these have been replaced with new approaches to spirituality.” (R&H, p. 55) basically; the spiritually isnt leaving because of developments in science, the cohabitate-- the science can help individuals be influenced on how they understand religion science informs believers on how they should see the world with the increase of science there ISNT a decrease of religion, they go together