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U0 Religion 207 > 3 midterm (anthropological and sociological approaches 2) > Flashcards

3 midterm (anthropological and sociological approaches 2) Flashcards

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Religion Crash Course flashcards
1
Q

Marx’s bias is that what

A

theology and philosophy are a product of “inverted consciousness”

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2
Q

what is “inverted consciousness”

A

that is, reality for them is constituted by ideas, not as it actually is: by material and social forces

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3
Q

what is Feuerbach’s stance on Alienation

A

religion confuses the idea of God with Human reality (= alienation).

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4
Q

what is Feuerbach’s stance on reconciliation

A

True knowledge consists in placing Humanity in the place of God (= reconciliation)

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5
Q

what is marx’s stance on Alienation

A

religion legitimates a class struggle between the ruling class (bourgeois) and the working class (proletariat) by being resigned to an otherworldly state of affairs (= alienation)

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6
Q

what is marx’s stance on reconciliation

A

True knowledge consists in a changed state of affairs, overthrowing the capitalist economic system that uses religion to reinforce the capitalist status quo (= reconciliation):

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7
Q

marx’s stance as compared to feuerbch’s stance marks the shift from classical theology and philosophy to what

A

classical anthropology and sociology, from philosophy and theology as the means by which religion is to be explained. It also marks the culminating movement of the process from transcendence to immanence

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8
Q

This background explains why early sociology and anthropology felt that a scientific explanation of religion should focus on what

A

the human, not the divine—in some cases: the human as “divine”
• the importance of material (“empirical”) explanations of religion, not speculation (i.e. philosophy and theology)

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9
Q

This background also explains why early sociology and anthropology adopted a pejorative attitude toward religion… what is another phrase/label for this

A

“the criticism of religion”

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10
Q

what is the bridge from transcendence to immanence

A

Hegal
Freuerbach
Marx

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11
Q

give an overview of hegal

A

Hegal tries to show that we can not get the full perspective, when we dive up the universe we are alienated from who we are.

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12
Q

give an overview of marx

A

eliminate the class struggle (tale away the religion and the bourgeoisie has nothing over proletariates

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13
Q

what ar the different approaches

A

evolutionist
functionalist
interpretive
structuralist

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14
Q

who is included in evolutionist

A

Durkheim, Tylor, Müller, Frazer

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15
Q

who is included in Functionalist

A

Durkheim, Malinowski, Radcliffe-Brown, Evans-Pritchard

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16
Q

who is included in Interpretive

A

Geertz

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17
Q

who is included in Structuralist

A

Lévi-Strauss, Turner

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18
Q

early anthropology inherited the critical spirit of who

A

Feuerbach and Marx

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19
Q

early anthropology inherited the critical spirit of Feuerbach and Marx toward religion wedding it to the view that religion, especially primal forms, were what

A

“somehow retarded on the path of cultural progress (and even mental development)”

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20
Q

early thinkers were what

A

evolutionists

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21
Q

Early theorists were thus enamored by a quest for what

A

for the origins of religion

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22
Q

what was the basic assumption of the anthropologists

A

By di•scLéovi-eSrtirnaugssr,eTluigrnioenr inprimalform,wecould track developments in terms of stages of ascendancy, supremacy.

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23
Q

monotheism (worship of one god), for many evolutionists, meant what

A

christianity

24
Q

what was the crowning achievement that religion had to offer

A

a historical coincidence of the european mentality

christianity was supreme but underdeveloped compared to our developed humanistic society

25
Q

what was Durkheim

A

classical sociologist

26
Q

did all early sociologists regard religion ”negatively” in terms of alienation:

A

no

27
Q

what did Émile Durkheim say

A

“All religions are true”.
• Religions reflect the moral ideals and social
organization of a group, its self-consciousness.
• Religion is eminently social, a system of practices and beliefs that pertain to sacred entities which unites believers into a collective.
• Religions provide a sense of cohesiveness
• Religions’ importance consists in its social function, not in its transcendent statements

28
Q

what is meant by Durkheim’s “all religions are true”

A

they are all true for him because it has been universal practiced and it has been one of the elements that tie people together (social cohesiveness)

29
Q

why do we study primitive religions

A

because we want to study the religions as it first was before any fo the tempering or schemes that come from it

30
Q

to durk, understanding religion is what

A

understanding society

31
Q

was durk in the positive or negative mindset about religion

A

positive

32
Q

what was weber

A

classical sociologist

33
Q

was weber part of the evolutionist trend

A

no, he was an exception

34
Q

weber thought understanding religion was important for what

A

Understanding religion is an important means of understanding global economy

35
Q

Religion (i.e. Protestantism) is a catalyst for what(weber)

A

the proliferation of modern capitalism

36
Q

To view religion’s role in society as passive is both to do what (weber)

A

misunderstand the values that feed an economy and religion’s active impact on it

37
Q

how was weber similar and different from marx

A

just trying t correlate the influence of religion on global economy, kind of development of marx, but unlike hard (who saw religion as a non-revolutionary) he thought you use a social phenomenon to explain religion

basically; weber was a sociologist of religion
religion is important to him because of the ways it provided us of catalysis to capitalism
looked at religion as an independent variable that explained social phenomenon compared to marx who thought it was a dependant variably that society explained

38
Q

what did anthropology do for religion

A

provided definitions for religions

39
Q

what was Edward Burnett Tylor

A

early evolutionist anthropologist.

40
Q

what is Edward Burnett Tylor known for

A

He is known for his concept of “animism” as a central component explaining the evolution of religion

41
Q

what is “animism”

A

life force

42
Q

to Edward Burnett Tylor, Religions exemplify means by which our early and later ancestors understood what

A

Religions exemplify means by which our early and later ancestors understood the vital principle of life that pervades all reality.

43
Q

Edward Burnett Tylor’s views on animism explain what

A

this leads us from primitive to more advanced societies

44
Q

Religion, for Tylor, was what

A

“belief in supernatural beings,”

45
Q

Religion, for Tylor “belief in supernatural beings,” originated in what

A

ancestral wonder about the distinction between our dream and waking states, life and death

aka what we experience when we are unconscious, that shapes and figures in our dreams is what lead people to thin about things outside our material world

46
Q

Tylor’s influences include who

A

Herbert Spencer (1820- 1903) and Max Müller (1823-1900)

47
Q

Müller is often described as hwhat

A

as the father of comparative religion or the science of religious studies

48
Q

Muller says that Religion is worship of natural forces.. what does this mean

A

ligion is a personification of elements and bodies in the natural world that equate with or are governed by supernatural deities

49
Q

Muller says we study religions why

A

We study religious language to properly understand the spirit of wonder in humanity

50
Q

give a brief summary of muller

A

father of comparative religions (the science of religion)
misplaces worship of natural forces
religion is a personification for him
people like him are treating mythological language for metaphors that could be properly understood naturally
considered myths as a disease of language
early stage like this, there is an alienation of religion– is underdeveloped means of understanding the world
what do we do? for him, the reason we study “god names” and religious language is to properly understand the spirit of wonder in humanity– these spirits say things about us not about the divine (this is a key thread in anthropology religious stuff)

51
Q

who is a famous example of arm chair anthropology

A

James George Frazer

52
Q

what did James George Frazer do

A

expanded on the distinctions between magic, science, and religion, placing them in the context of evolutionary progression

53
Q

what did James George Frazer say magic was

A

pseudo-science (incorrect view of natural laws)

54
Q

what did James George Frazer say religion was

A

a higher form of thinking than magic, on account of metaphysical speculation and ethical reflection

55
Q

what did James George Frazer say science was

A

exemplary form of knowledge that surpasses magic and religion evidenced in culturally developed societies

56
Q

what are the reasons for the demise of evolutionism

A

Premise of evolutionism: religion and science are negatively correlated, i.e., with the increase of scientific knowledge, religious beliefs will decrease and eventually disappear

“[A]lthough conventional religious practices … may have eroded, these have been replaced with new approaches to spirituality.” (R&H, p. 55)

basically; the spiritually isnt leaving because of developments in science, the cohabitate– the science can help individuals be influenced on how they understand religion
science informs believers on how they should see the world
with the increase of science there ISNT a decrease of religion, they go together

U0 Religion 207 (9 decks)

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