6: Memory 2

Question 1

What are the two types of long term memory?

Answer 1

Declarative: (What) Conscious and explicit
Split into episodic and semantic

Non-declarative: (How) Unconscious and procedural

Question 2

What is declarative memory?

Answer 2

Knowing what

Conscious and explicit

Split into episodic and semantic

Question 3

What can declarative memory be split into?

Answer 3

Episodic: Events
Semantic: Facts

Question 4

What is non-declarative memory?

Answer 4

Knowing how

Procedural skills such as riding a bike

Once learnt, they require few cogntiive recourses

No flexability

Question 5

What is semantic memory?

Answer 5

Part of our declarative memory

Knowledge relating to facts and concepts

Includes chunks of information about objects

Not related to specific experiances

Question 6

What are cores of schemas?

Answer 6

The constant information on a subject

Question 7

What are the slots of schemas?

Answer 7

Variable information about a subject such as the fact that rooms can have a variable number of windows

Question 8

What is a script?

Answer 8

A situational schema which allows us to fill in the blanks of what we expect to happen in certain situations

Question 9

What is episodic memory?

Answer 9

A type of declariative memory involved with remembering specific events

Develops later, deteriorates easily

Question 10

What are semantic networks

Answer 10

Our schemas are in a pyramid/web where they inherit traits from the heading before. The more complex the specific item, the longer retreival time

(If animals was the catergory, it would be at the top of the pyramid)

Question 11

What are the issues with semantic networks?

Answer 11

Familiarity effect: Familiar terms are verifyed faster, no matter where they are in the higherarchy

Typicality effect: Some objects are more typical of a catergory so are recalled faster

Question 12

What is habituation?

Answer 12

The progressive extinction of behaviour in response to repeated, harmless stimulation

Question 13

What is sensation?

Answer 13

The magnification of behaviour in response to meaningful stimulation

Such as when a loud noise wakes us up, we’re more alert to other stimuli

Question 14

What is priming?

Answer 14

Something that makes a person sensative or more likely to behave a certain way

Often processed unconsciously

Question 15

What is amnesia?

Answer 15

A deficit in memory either psychological or phsiological

Declarative memory is impaired but not non-declarative

Question 16

What is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 16

When past knowledge is lost

Question 17

What is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 17

When we lose the ability to form new memories

Question 18

Who is Clive Wearing?

Answer 18

Has severe reterograde and anterograde amnesia but an intact procedural memory

The only person he recognises is his wife

Question 19

What did Hamann and Squire find about patients with amnesia?

Answer 19

They were impaired on declarative tasks but not procedural which shows a double dissociation between the two memory systems

Question 20

What is the role of the hippocampus in memory?

Answer 20

Consolidation of information from short to long term memory

The more consolidated a memory is, the less it relies on the hippocampus

Question 21

What is the role of the amygdala in memory?

Answer 21

Involved in emotion processing and fear conditioning which affects the strength of memories

Question 22

What is synaptic consolidation?

Answer 22

Synaptic connections become stronger after learning something new

Question 23

What is systems consolidation?

Answer 23

Storage of the memory moves from the hippocampus to the cerebral cortex

Question 24

What is the effect of hippocampal damage on memory?

Answer 24

They can’t remember recent events but can still remember older things

Question 25

How long can it take for a memory to move from the hippocampus to the cerebral cortex?

Answer 25

Weeks to years

Question 26

How is sleep linked to the consolidation of new memories?

Answer 26

Synaptic connections are strengthened during sleep

Sleep deprivation decreases memory performance

Question 27

What are some criticisms of studies of sleep and memory consolidation?

Answer 27

Timing between recall and learning differs between experimental groups

We don’t know if the effects are due to sleep or time

It could be changes in hormone levels during sleep