5: Memory 1 Flashcards
What is memory?
The process of aquiring, storing, retaining and retrieving information
What are the stages of learning and memory?
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
What is the free recall paradigm?
Participants study one memory set and are asked to recall the items in any order after a small delay, sometimes involving an extra task
What is the primacy effect?
We have improved recall for items presented early in a memory set
What is the regency effect?
We have improved recall for items presented later in the memory set
What does the excistance of the primacy and regency effect show?
Short and long term memory systems
In the free recall paradigm, what is the effect of supressing rehersal during the time delay between the first and second set?
Elimination of the regency effect but not the primacy effect
What is the displacement theory of short term memory?
Information can be pushed out by new information
Who came up with the idea of working memory capacity?
Miller
What is typical working memory capacity?
7 items for verbal information, 4 for visual
What is chunking?
A technique for Improving short term memory
Functionally related bits of information are grouped together
Who came up with the multistore model of memory?
Atkinson and Shiffrin
What are the main parts of the multistore model of memory?
Sensory registers
Long/Short term memory
Control systems
What is the role of sensory registers in the multistore model of memory?
They hold information until it’s passed into the short term memory
What is the role of short term memory in the multistore model of memory?
Holds and processes information aquired recently
Limited capacity and sensative to interfearance
Items must be rehersed to avoid forgetting
What is the role of long term memory in the multistore model of memory?
Holds all the information we aquire through learning
Information is stored premanently and it’s insensative to interfearence
What is the role of control processes in the multistore model of memory?
They control what information reaches the short term memory and filters out irrelevent things through attention
They control what is passed into long term memory
What are the incorrect assumptions of the internal working model?
Items enter LTM through rehersal: We can reherse but not put in LTM
Short term memory processes in units: It doesn’t
Who came up with the levels of processing?
Craik and Lockhart
What are the levels of procesing?
Shallow: Structural
Intermediate: Phonemic (Sounds like/gist)
Deep: Semantic (Meaning)
How do levels of processing affect memory strength
The deeper the level, the stronger the memory
Who came up with the working memory model?
Baddeley and Hitch
What are the main ideas of the working memory model?
We have seperate STM componants for handling different kinds of information
Visuospatial sketchpad
Episodic buffer
Phonological loop
What are the main componants of the working memory model?
Visuospatial sketchpad
Episodic buffer
Phonological loop
What kind of information is processed by the phonological loop?
Speech-based information
What kind of input goes into the phonological loop?
Auditory or visual
What are the componanents of the phonological loop?
Phonological store (Inner ear)
Rehersal process (Inner voice)
What is the function of the phonological store?
Speech perception
Holds information for 1-2 seconds
Information is lost if not refreshed
What is the function of the rehersal process in the phonological loop?
Speech production
Rehersal refreshes memory one item at a time
What part of the working memory model is responsible for speech perception?
Phonological store (Inner ear) of the phonological loop
What part of the working memory model is responsible for speech production?
Rehersal process (Inner voice) of the phonological loop
What is the phonological similarity effect?
We’re more easily able to remember visually presented words if they sound similar which shows that we have a speech-based rehersal process with acoustic traces
What is the word length effect?
As words increase in how long they take to articulate, rehersal time increases and memory decreases
What kind of information is processed by the visuospatial sketchpad?
Visual and spatial information
Helps us keep track of where we are in relation to other objects
What are the componants of the visuospatial sketchpad?
Visual cache
Inner scribe
What is the function of the visual cache?
Part of the visuospatial sketchpad that deals with storing informaion about colour and shape
What is the function of the inner scribe?
Part of the visuospatial sketchpad that deals with movement and spatial information
What is the visual similarity effect?
Visually similar stimuli are harder to remember
What is the central executive?
Part of the working memory model that deals with planning, problem solving and decision making where automatic processes aren’t relevant
What is the episodic buffer?
Part of the working memory model that deals with the coordination of the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad
