6. Investment Considerations for Retirement Plans Flashcards
Suitability of investment types
-ERISA 404 (c) plans usually have stock, bond and cash equivalent options (3 investment alternatives and trade 1/3 months considered broad range and control)
- Pension plans require diversification especially for employer in defined benefit plan, who assumes all risk
Time horizon and risk
Should consider time horizon and level of risk, eg:
-should assess reputation and financial strength of Guaranteed Investment Contract (GIC)
- should consider higher yielding bonds as opposed to muni bonds that have a lower yield due to tax free status, but not necessary in tax shelter
Prudent Person Standard of Care
As a fiduciary, must act with care, skill, prudence and diligence in the interest of plan’s participants and beneficiaries when:
-Providing benefits to participants and their beneficiaries (diversify investments and minimize risk), and
-Defraying reasonable expenses of administering the plan.
Indicia of Ownership
Except as authorized by the Secretary of Labor by regulations, no fiduciary may maintain the indicia of ownership of any assets of a plan outside of the jurisdiction of the district courts of the United States.
Control Over Assets
A pension plan which allows participants/beneficiaries control over assets will not consider that person a fiduciary, and fiduciary is not liable for participant’s actions
In case of a SIMPLE plan, participant/beneficiary shall be considered as exercising control when:
- election of initial investment
- rollover to another IRA
-1 year after SIMPLE IRA is establish
Plan Terminations
Fiduciary’s duty is discharged in a terminated pension plan/single employer plan when there is an election to establish/maintain qualified replacement plan/increase benefits
Liability for Breach of Fiduciary Duty
Any fiduciary who breaches any responsibilities shall be liable to make good losses resulting from breach. May be removed from role for violation. Not liable for breaches before/after fiduciary duty.
Prohibited transactions between plan and party in interest
- sale/exchange/leasing of any property
- lending of money/extension of credit
- furnishing of goods, services or facilities
- transfer to use/benefit any assets of the plan
- acquisition of employer security or real property of employer in violation of section 1107 of Title 29.
Prohibited transactions between plan and fiduciary
- deal with assets in own interest/account
- act in transaction involving the plan adversely to plan/participants/beneficiaries’ interest
- receive consideration in personal account for plan dealings/transactions
Prohibited Transfer of Real/Personal Property
Title 29 section 1106:
A transfer of real or personal property by a party in interest to a plan shall be treated as a sale or exchange if the property is subject to a mortgage/ similar lien which the plan assumes/is subject to a mortgage/similar lien which a party in interest placed on the property within the 10-year period ending on the date of the transfer.
Exemptions from Prohibited Transactions
Secretary of Labor may grant exemption of subsection 1108 if:
-administratively feasible
- in interest of plans and its beneficiaries/participants
- protective of beneficiaries/participants rights
Must publish notice, require adequate notice and affords opportunity for a hearing
When is LI used in a qualified plan
- when substantial # of employees have unmet LI need either for family protection or estate liquidity
- when there are gaps and limitations in other company plans providing death benefits such as section79 group-term LI plans, NQ deferred comp plans and split dollar plans
-when overfunded in a closely held business/professional corporation, and addition of incidental LI benefit/change to fully insured funding may permit future deductible contributions
-when HCE are subject to estate taxes on death benefits: LI death benefits can be structured to avoid taxes or provide funds to pay estate taxes - additional option for investing plan accounts, eg profit sharing /401(k) plan/DC plans
-extremely secure funding vehicle for a plan
Pros to LI in qualified plan
-Tax treatment of LI provides overall cost advantage compared with individual life policies provided by employer/personally owned
- one of safest available investments
- pure insurance portion (death proceeds-policy cash value) is not subject to income tax /effective means of transferring wealth
-fully insured plan is exempt from min funding standards and actuarial certification requirement of Code section 412, reducing administrative cost and complexity of DB plan, also allows higher deductible plan contributions than regular trusteed plan
Cons to LI in qualified plan
Rate of return on cash value may be low. Policy expenses and commissions may be more than comparable investments
Insurance Coverage
all plan participants under a nondiscriminatory formula related to the retirement benefit/ plan contribution formula. Insurance coverage can be conditioned on taking a medical exam as long as it does not result in discrimination in favor of HCEs