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Biology GCSE PAPER 2 > 6: Inheritance, Variation and Evolution > Flashcards

6: Inheritance, Variation and Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Adult cell cloning:

A

A type of cloning that forms an embryo from an adult body cell.

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2
Q

Allele:

A

A version of a gene.

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3
Q

Amino acids:

A

Small molecules from which proteins are assembled.

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4
Q

Archaea:

A

Primitive bacteria existing in extreme environments.

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5
Q

Asexual reproduction:

A

A form of reproduction involving a single parent. Creates genetically identical offspring.

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6
Q

Binomial system:

A

The universal system of naming organisms using their genus and species.

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7
Q

Charles Darwin:

A

The scientist who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection.

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8
Q

Chromosome:

A

A long, coiled molecule of DNA that carries genetic information in the form of genes.

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9
Q

Classification:

A

The organisation of organisms into groups based on their characteristics and structure.

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10
Q

Coding DNA:

A

A sequence of DNA that codes for the production of a protein.

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11
Q

Complementary:

A

Describes how the chemical bases in DNA pair up with each other.
A pairs with T and C pairs with G.

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12
Q

Cuttings:

A

The simplest method of cloning plants. A branch is cut from a parent plant and replanted in compost after removing the lower leaves.

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13
Q

Cystic fibrosis:

A

A cellular membrane disorder resulting from the presence of a recessive allele.

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14
Q

DNA:

A

A double-stranded polymer wound to form a double helix. Carries the genetic code.

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15
Q

Dominant:

A

Describes an allele that is always expressed. Represented by a capital letter.

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16
Q

Embryo screening:

A

A procedure used to determine the presence of faulty genes in an embryo produced by IVF. A few embryonic cells are removed and screened for defective alleles.

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17
Q

Embryo transplants:

A

The simplest method of animal cloning. Cells are removed from a developing embryo, split apart and grown in culture, before being transplanted into host mothers.

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18
Q

Evolution:

A

The gradual change in the inherited traits within a population over time. Occurs due to natural selection.

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19
Q

Evolutionary tree:

A

A diagram which illustrates the evolutionary relationships between organisms.

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20
Q

Extinction:

A

The death of all members of a species.

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21
Q

Family tree:

A

A chart used to show the inheritance of a condition in a family.

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22
Q

Fertilisation:

A

The fusion of the nucleus of male and female gametes. Restores the full chromosome number.

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23
Q

Fossil:

A

The remains of dead organisms found in rocks which are millions of years old.

24
Q

Gametes:

A

Sex cells (sperm and egg cells) with half the usual number of chromosomes.

25
Q

Gene:

A

A section of DNA that codes for a specific sequence of amino acids which undergo polymerisation to form a protein.

26
Q

Genetic engineering:

A

The modification of the genome of an organism by the insertion of a desired gene from another organism, enabling the formation of organisms with beneficial characteristics.

27
Q

Genome:

A

The complete genetic material of an organism.

28
Q

Genotype:

A

An organism’s genetic
composition. Describes all alleles.

29
Q

GM crops:

A

Crops that have had their genomes modified by the insertion of a desired gene from another organism.

30
Q

Heterozygous:

A

When someone has two different alleles of a gene e.g. Ff.

31
Q

Homozygous:

A

When someone has two identical alleles of a gene e.g. ff.

32
Q

Inbreeding:

A

The formation of offspring from the breeding of closely related individuals.

33
Q

Linnaean system:

A

The classification of organisms into kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species, as developed by Carl Linnaeus.

34
Q

Meiosis:

A

A form of cell division that produces gametes, non-identical cells with half the usual number of chromosomes.

35
Q

Mitosis:

A

A form of cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells (with a full set of chromosomes) from one parent cell.

36
Q

MRSA:

A

A type of bacteria that is resistant to the antibiotic, methicillin.

37
Q

Mutation:

A

A random change in DNA which may result in genetic variants.

38
Q

Natural selection:

A

The process by which the frequency of advantageous traits passed on in genes gradually increases in a population over time.

39
Q

Non-coding DNA:

A

DNA which does not code for a protein but instead controls gene expression.

40
Q

Nucleotide:

A

The monomers of DNA consisting of a common sugar, a phosphate group and one of four chemical bases (A, T, C, G) attached to the sugar.

41
Q

Phenotype:

A

An organism’s observable characteristics. Due to interactions of the genotype and the environment.

42
Q

Polydactyly:

A

A condition where an individual is born with extra fingers or toes due to the presence of a dominant allele.

43
Q

Protein synthesis:

A

The formation of a protein from a gene.

44
Q

Punnett square:

A

A grid used to predict the potential outcomes of a genetic cross.

45
Q

Recessive:

A

Describes an allele that is only expressed in the absence of a dominant allele.
Represented by a small letter.

46
Q

Ribosomes:

A

Sub-cellular structures where protein synthesis takes place.

47
Q

Selective breeding:

A

The process by which humans artificially select organisms with desirable characteristics and breed them to produce offspring with desirable phenotypes.

48
Q

Sex chromosomes:

A

A pair of chromosomes responsible for the determination of gender. XY in males. XX in females

49
Q

Sexual reproduction:

A

A form of reproduction involving the fusion of male and female gametes. Creates genetic variation.

50
Q

Speciation:

A

The formation of new species in the course of evolution, often due to the evolution of two isolated populations.

51
Q

Species:

A

A group of similar organisms that are able to breed with one another to produce fertile offspring.

52
Q

Three-domain system:

A

A method of classification in which organisms are categorised into three groups; Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryota. Developed by Carl Woese.

53
Q

Tissue culture:

A

A method of growing living tissue or cells in a suitable medium to produce clone plants.

54
Q

Variation:

A

The differences between individuals due to genes, the environment or a combination of both.

55
Q

Vector:

A

A carrier used to transfer a gene from one organism to another.

56
Q

What are the 3 groups of the three-domain system:

A

Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryota

57
Q

What is the Linnaean system classified into:

A

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species

Biology GCSE PAPER 2 (4 decks)

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