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Psych > 6 - Form Perception > Flashcards

6 - Form Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the gestalt philosophy/principle meaning

A

the whole is other than the sum of its part

principles: laws that describe how we organize visual input

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2
Q

What are the gestalt principles

A

Figure ground
proximity
closure
similarity
continuity
common fate

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3
Q

What is figure ground

A

the ability to distinguish an object from its backgroun id a visual scene

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4
Q

What is proximity

A

the tendency to group elements that are close together in space

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5
Q

What is closure

A

the tendency to fill in gaps in a contour to perceive a whole object

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6
Q

What is similarity

A

the tendency to group togehter elements that are physcically similar

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7
Q

What is continuity

A

the ability to perceive a simple continous form rather than a combination of awkward forms

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8
Q

What is common fate

A

the tendency to group together elements that change in the same way

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9
Q

What are methods of object recognition

A

bottom up processing
top down processing
bi-directional activation

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10
Q

What is bottom up processing

A

object recognition guided by features that are present in stimulus

knowing cow because four legs, spots…

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11
Q

What is top down processing

A

object recognitino guided by your own beliefs or expectations

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12
Q

What is priming in top down processing

A

telling a category before the word

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13
Q

What is bidirectional activation

A

using both top and bottom processing
- features and experiences

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14
Q

What is the geon theory

A

we have 36 simple geons (geometrical forms) stored in our memory
- can recognize 150 million objects

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15
Q

What are the cons to the geon theory

A

difficult to imagine complex images if geon theory were true (faces), we still can

doesn’t explain brain injuries where we can’t recognize fruit but can still recognize tools

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16
Q

What is the template theory

A

we compare objects to templates in memory
(requries exact match – would need a lot of storage)

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17
Q

What is prototype theory

A

we compare objects to internal best
- doesnt have to be exact match

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18
Q

What are the cons to prototype theory

A

too many different stimuli, slwoer to identify

we can still categorize unique/specfic objects (my dog)

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19
Q

What is perceptual constancy

A

our ability to percieve an object as unchanging even though the visual image produced by the object is constantly changing

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20
Q

What is shape constancy

A

an object is percieved to have a constant shape despite the shape of its retinal image changing with shifts in POV or change in object position

  • seeing door open
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21
Q

What is location constnacy

A

an object is perceived to be stationary despite changing location on our retina due to body movements
- seeing things when in a moving car

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22
Q

What is size constancy

A

an object is perceived to be the same size despite the size of its retinal image varying with distance

person walking away (size is smaller with distance)

23
Q

What is brightness constancy

A

an object is percieved to be the same brightness despite reflecting more or less light onto our retina

mug is the same outside in the sun and inside in dimly lit room

24
Q

What is colour constancy

A

an object is percieved to have a constant colour despite different illumination

know white dog is white under neon sign

25
Q

What are cues in a scene indicating perpetual constancies

A

depth cues: knowing someone is far away

colour cues: using info form rest of scene

motion cues: seeing the scene to know if something is coming towards you

26
Q

What are visual illusions
What are the different illusions

A

missaplying size constnacy and misinterpretation depth
: ambugities of perception

muller-lyer illusion
ames room
ponzo illusion

27
Q

What is the muller-lyer illusion

A

closer line = shorter
further = longer

people accustumed to no right angles don’t have struggles with the room

28
Q

What is the ames room illusion

A

gives illusion to height

room celiing tilted, same height person but one looks a lot taller

29
Q

What is the ponzo illusion

A

gives illusion to depth
- have lines drawn together, makes top look longer

30
Q

What did hodgkin and huxley discover

A

method for recording actiivty in neurons

  • giant axons of squid = enhances responses
31
Q

What did letvinon discover

A

discrovered neuron in optic neuron of frog that responded only to moving black dots (bug detectors)

32
Q

What did cubal and weasel discover

A

recorded neurons in visual cortex as thye moved a bright light against retina
- visual cortex nruson firing was affected by the stimulus location, orinetation, direction of movment

learned what type of stimuli the individual cortical cells responded to
- put microelectrodes on cortex of cat to record electrical activity of individual neurons as the cat was shwon different stimuli

33
Q

What is a simple cell

A

responds maximally to a bar of a certain orientation in a particular region of the retina

34
Q

What is the baseline response in a simple cell

A

no stimulus

35
Q

What is elicits a strong excitatory response in simple cells

A

preffered oritnetation and location

passes through on version only

36
Q

What elicits a strong inhibitory response in simple cells

A

not preffered orientation and location

passes through the “off” receptive field

37
Q

What is a complex cell

A

responds maximally to a bar of a certain orientation, regardless of location

some respond maximally to a specific direction of movement

38
Q

What elicits a baseeline response in complex cells

A

no stimulus

39
Q

What elicits a strong excitatory response in complex cells

A

stimulus at 45 degrees

40
Q

What elicits a weak excitatory response

A

stimulus at 60 degrees

41
Q

What is a hypercomplex cell

A

responds maximally to a bar of particular orientation and direction of movement, ending at specific points with receptive field

42
Q

What elicits a baseline response in hypercomplex cells

A

no stimulus

43
Q

what elicits a strong excitatory response in hypercomplex cells

A

stimulus moving up horizontally
across ON region only

44
Q

what elicits a weak excitatory respones in hypercomplex cells

A

stimulus moving up horizantally
across ON and half of OFF region

45
Q

what elicits a weak inhibitory response

A

stimulus moving up horizantally
across ON and OFF region (in the middle)

46
Q

how do the inputs work to form our visual percepts

A

input from all feature detectors combine to create our visual precepts

our brain can optimally balance the fucntion of each while consuming the least possible amount of energy

47
Q

What is parallel processing

A

topographic organization in primary visual cortex

neurons can fire maxiamally for orientation, length and movemnet // colour // direction of movmenet

speed is a benefit

48
Q

where is visual input integrated, what do they do

A

extrastriate cortex
- contains multiple cell regions that recieve different PVC about visual scene (colour, movment orientation)

ventral and dorsal stream
- ventral (what): arranged in columns - vertical and horizantal)
- dorsal (where)

49
Q

What are infant preferences of visual information

A

infants prefer looking at things with patterns and sharp boundaries with light and dark (interest based on complexities)
- depends on infants visual acuity

attraction to certain key features on stimulus, not object as a whole
- whole form perception is an emerging process from the first two months of life

50
Q

Describe visual development at 3,4,5 months

A

3: can percieve a partial form as whole forms
- difficulty percieving overlaping objects (can’t use colour or texture to tell objects apart)
- can identify seperate objects if objects move independently of one another

4: develop perceptual competency (brightness, colour, shape)

5: can use colour, texture to distinguish objects

51
Q

What is an important factor of visual development

A

critical period
- early visual deprivation prevents proper feature detection

1 month old kitten kept in the dark for 3-4 days experience visual difficulties but regained

1 month old kitten kept in the dark for an entire week or longer experienced sever and permanent visual degeneration

cataracts in humans (disrupts light –> blurry): delay in removal = increase visual impairments

52
Q

What is object agnosia

A

the inabilty to percieve objects
- can see all features but cannot name them

53
Q

What is prospagnosia

A

inability to recognize faces
- pattern recognition disoder
- damage to right fusiform gyrus (not r/t to memory loss)
- can’t put individual parts together

Psych (7 decks)

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