2 - Evolution

Question 1

What are adaptations

Answer 1

biological traits that help an individual to survive and reproduce in its habitat
- perform a specific function

Question 2

What is natural selection

Answer 2

functional traits (hands, eyes, ears) that helped our ancestors survive
- differential survival and reproduction of organisms AAR of the hertiable differences b/w them

Question 3

What are the essential components of natural selection

Answer 3

1. individual differences
2. differential reproduction (some have more offspirng)
3. heritability (characteristics passed down)

Question 4

What is stabilizing selection

Answer 4

selection against any sort of departure form the species-typical adaptive design

Question 5

What is darwinian fitness

Answer 5

average reproductive success of a genotype relative to alternative genotypes

Question 6

What is evolution

Answer 6

change in gene frequencies over generations, in part due to the introduction of new gene variants via mutations

Question 7

What is sexual selection

Answer 7

characteristics that make us look like good mates (become less survivable, increasing mating)

• components of natural selection act on traits that influence an organisms ability to obtain a mate, resulting in differential reproductive success

Question 8

What is inter-sexual selection

Answer 8

female choice (display feature)

Question 9

What is intra-sexual selection

Answer 9

male competition (weapon)

Question 10

What is mate choice preference

Answer 10

female picks males with best resistance to diseases

best genes for being healthy

Question 11

What are species typical behaviours

Answer 11

movement (topography)
habitat preference
group size
social system

Question 12

What are behavioural genetics studies

Answer 12

confirm evolution of behavioural traits
- use animals with short life spans = drophila (fruit fly)

Question 13

What are the types of social behaviours

Answer 13

cooperation ( + + )
alturism ( + - )
selfish ( - + )
spite ( - - )

Question 14

What is alturism

Answer 14

actor incurs a cost to provide benefit for a recipient (decrease their own fitness)

• cannot thrive if cannot be passed down genetically

Question 15

What is eusocial hymenoptera

Answer 15

level of social organization, most individuals spend their lives serving the colony without reproducing

Question 16

What is direct fitness

Answer 16

fitness from personal reproduction

Question 17

What is indirect fitness

Answer 17

fitness from the reproduction of close genetic relatives

Question 18

What is fitness

Answer 18

how good a particular genotype is at leaving a copy of its genes in the next generation

Question 19

What is hamiltons rule

Answer 19

describes when altruistic behaviours are favoured

rB > C

r: degree of relatedness b/w 2 individuals
B: reproductive benefit to the recipient
C: reproductive cost to the actor

Question 20

What is relatedness

Answer 20

probability that actor and recipients share gene in question

• depends on how genes were inherited
• relatedness of 0.5 to your mother
  (50/50 change of inheriting gene from each parent)
• 0.25 probabiliyt of shared genes from each parent, 0.5 relatedness to parent because 0.25 + 0.25

uncle, grandpanret r=0.25
first cousin r=0.125
dizygotic twin r=0.5
monozygotic r=1

Question 21

What are the cues of kinship

Answer 21

mother’s association
co-residence with other children

Question 22

What is phenotype matching

Answer 22

an evaluation of relatedness between individuals based on an assessment of phenotypic similarity

• being more trusting of people who look like kin

Question 23

What is direct reciprocity

Answer 23

help each other and both benefit

Question 24

What is indirect recirprocity

Answer 24

help others who have helped others –> establish good reputation and will help others