4 - Neuro 2 Flashcards
What are the advantages and disadvantages to lesion brain studies
advantage: direct measure of a brain structures function
disadvantage: hard to selectively target a particular region and draw conclusions
study on animal models thn
What is targeted electrical stimulation
electrically stimulate area of the brain and observe the resulting behaviour to build an anatomical map related to function
- reveals the function of an individual neuron –> injects electrode then presents stimulus
Disadvantage: only limited area in the brain studied
What are the structural neuroimaging techniques
commuted tomography (CT):
slices of the brain taken and pieced together to diagnose
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): powerful magnetic fields generated, align with H atoms in brain
MRI can localize tissues precisely through the brain
What are the disadvantages and advantages to CT
D: low resolution, difficult to identify fine brain anatomy
A: cheaper
What are the disadvantages and advantages to MRI
D: takes much longer, more expensive
A: clearer
What are the functional imaging techniques
Positron emission tomogrpahy (PET Scan): learn how the brain function relates to cognitive tasks
- Radioactive mol used in metabolic processes, deted in scan
- more active areas use more radioactive mol
Functional MRI: measures blood O2 depdent signals –> more active = more resources needed
Electrocardiogram (EEG): electrode cap to examin brain activity
What are the disadvantages to PET scan
invasive (injects radioactive mol)
What are the advantages and disadvantages to fMRI
A: relatively clear image of brina w/o radioactive tracer
D: O2 used by brain spikes few secs later than functional activity in the brain
- cannot determine precise timing
What are the disadvnateges to the EEG
signals may be difficult to isolate
What are the structures of the hindbrain
What are the functions
RCMP
Reticular formation:
- arousal
- circardian rhythms
- poster and balance
Pons:
- movement (eye)
- auditory perception
- emotional processing
Medulla:
- breathing
- digestion
- heart rate
- autonomic reflexes
Cerebellum
- coordinates movement
What are te structures of the midbrain
Tegmentum:
- Red nucleus (motor control)
- Substantia nigra (reward r/t behaviour)
Tectum:
- superior colliculus (visual)
- inferior colliculus (auditoy)
What are the parts of the forebrain
Limbic system (PHAT-H)
thalamus: relay station except for olfactoryy
hypothalamus:
- stress response
- energy metabolism
- hormonal control
pituitary:
- ANT: thyroid, testes/ovaries, adrenals
- POST: oxytocin (lactation, love), vasopressin (thirst)
Amygdala
- decode emotions
hippocampus:
- memory (ST –> LT transfer)
- spatial mapping
- neurogensis (birth of new neurons in adulthood)
Cerebrum
What are the parts of the cerebrum
frontal lobe: contains primary motor cortex
- motor processing
- decision making and higher order thought
temporal lobe:
- higher visual processing
- basic auditory processing
- memory and language
parietal lobe: contains primary somatosensory cortex
- touch processing
- spatial representations
occipital lobe
- visual processing
What are the fissures of the brain
sylvian fissure: b/w frontal and temporal
central sulcus: b/w frontal and parietal
gyri: ridges
sulci: indents
What does broca’s area do
motor production of speech
expressive aphasia
lefthemi
frontal lobe
