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Embryology > 6 Fetal Membranes And Placenta > Flashcards

6 Fetal Membranes And Placenta Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to the placental barrier throughout pregnancy?

A

It becomes thinner

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2
Q

What gives rise to the placenta?

A

Trophoblast

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3
Q

Function of fetal membranes

A

Protection

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4
Q

Functions of the placenta (3)

A

Metabolism

Exchange of metabolic and gaseous products between maternal and fetal bloodstreams

Production of hormones

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5
Q

Metabolism

A

Synthesis of glycogen, cholesterol and fatty acids which provide nutrition for the endometrium

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6
Q

Exchange of metabolic and gaseous products between maternal and fetal bloodstreams including :

A

Nutrients and electrolytes
• Oxygen, CO2, and CO
• Maternal immunoglobulin G( passive immunity from the mother )

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7
Q

Production of hormones :

A

Human chorionic gonadotrophin
Progesterone
Estriol
Somatomammotropin (develops the mammary glands of the mother)

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8
Q

Fetal membranes include

A

Amnion
Chorion
Yolk sac
Allantois ( connective stalk - came from extraembyrionic mesoderm)

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9
Q

Fetal membranes develop from

A

zygote

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10
Q

True or false. The amnion and chorion participate in the formation of the embryo or fetus

A

False. The amnion and chorion do not participate in the formation of the embryo or fetus

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11
Q

What are essential for fetal development?

A

Amnion and amniotic fluid

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12
Q

The amnion and chorion do not participate in the formation of the embryo or fetus. Why?

A

Because they come from the extraembyrionic mesoderm

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13
Q

The yolk sac is incorporate as ..

A

primordium of the gut

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14
Q

When does transfer of nutrients occur between yolk sac and embryo?

A

2nd to 3rd week of development

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15
Q

When do blood cells develop in yolk sac wall?

A

3rd - 6th week of development

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16
Q

When do primordial germ cells appear in the yolk sac wall?

A

3rd week of development

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17
Q

Allantois forms _______ in fetus and _________________ in the adult

A

urachus

median umbilical ligament

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18
Q

When do blood cells develop in the wall of the allantois?

A

3rd-5th week of development

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19
Q

The allantois’ blood vessels persist as

A

Umbilical veins and arteries

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20
Q

When does the placenta start to develop?

A

As soon as implantation occurs

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21
Q

Placenta is a _________ organ

A

Fetomaternal

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22
Q

What does fetomaternal mean?

A

Has a fetal and maternal component

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23
Q

Fetal part develops from …

A

Chorionic sac

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24
Q

Maternal part derived from

A

Endometrium ( source of the blood vessels)

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25
Q

In humans the placenta is of hemochorial Type. What does that mean?

A

no mixing of blood

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26
Q

What type of placenta is present in humans?

A

hemochorial Type

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27
Q

What invades the endometrium?

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

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28
Q

Fetal membranes and placenta weeks to remember

A

5th-22

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29
Q

Decidua

A

The functional layer of the endometrium in a pregnant woman

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30
Q

What happens to the decidua after childbirth?

A

separates from the remainder of the uterus after childbirth.

31
Q

The three regions of the decidua are named according to

A

their relation to the implantation site

32
Q

What forms the maternal part of the placenta?

A

decidua basalis

33
Q

What overlies the conceptus?

A

decidua capsularis

34
Q

The__________ is all the remaining parts of the decidua

A

decidua parietalis

35
Q

What pops when the mother is about to give birth?

A

The mucous plug

36
Q

Gravid uterus at 4 weeks shows ..

A

relation of the membranes to each other and to the decidua and embryo

37
Q

What is the chorionic plate?

A

It is a layer of the extraembyrionic mesoderm that marks the fetal part of the placenta

38
Q

___________ fills up with blood vessels.

A

Extraembryonic mesoderm

39
Q

Why do the villi decrease in size?

A

Decrease in size to allow for gas exchange

40
Q

Why do the villi differentiate?

A

The villi differentiate to decrease the size of the barrier

41
Q

Structure of full term placenta

A

Discoid structure with a diameter of 15-25 cm

42
Q

Thickness of full term placenta

A

3 cm

43
Q

Weight of full term placenta

A

500-600g

44
Q

When is the placenta expelled?

A

Expelled 30 minutes after birth

45
Q

Maternal side exhibits

A

15-20 cotyledons separated by decidual septa

46
Q

What is the decidual septa?

A

spaces between the villi

47
Q

Fetal surface is covered by the _____________, which is covered by the
________

A

chorionic plate

amnion

48
Q

Attachment of the umbilical cord is usually ___________ and occasionally __________

A

eccentric ( near the middle)
Marginal ( to the side)

49
Q

Whats on the fetal surface?

A

Amnion
Umbilical cord
Chorionic plate
Chorionic vessels

50
Q

Whats on the maternal surface?

A

Cotyledon covered by decidua basalis

51
Q

What are the structural features of the placenta?

A

Decidual septum , amnion, spiral artery, chorionic plate, decidual plate, endometrial veins,umbilical vessels, chorionix vessels

52
Q

What leaves the embryo and goes into the maternal blood? ( general)

A

Waste products and other substances

53
Q

What waste products leave the embryo and enter maternal circulation?

A

Carbon dioxide
Water
Urea
Uric acid
Bilirubin

54
Q

What other substances leave the embryo and enter the maternal circulation?

A

RBC antigens
Hormones

55
Q

What leaves the maternal circulation and goes into the embryo?

A

Oxygen and nutrients
Harmful substances
Other substances

56
Q

What oxygen and nutrients leave maternal circulation and enter embryo?

A

Water
carbohydrates
amino acids
Lipids
Electrolytes
Hormones
Vitamins
Iron
Trace elements

57
Q

What harmful substances leave maternal circulation and enter the embryo?

A

Drugs ( eg alcohol poisons and carbon monoxide)
Viruses ( rubella and cytomega)
Strontium-90
Toxoplasma gondii

58
Q

What other substances leave the maternal circulation and enter the embryo?

A

Antibodies IgG and vitamins

59
Q

What are nontransferabble substances that cant enter embryo through maternal circulation?

A

Bacteria
Heparin
Transferrin
IgS and IgM

60
Q

How do substances leave and enter the embryo?

A

Leave embryo through umbilical arteries
Enter embryo through umbilical vein

61
Q

How do substances leave and enter the maternal circulation?

A

Enter maternal circulation through endometrial veins
Leave maternal circulation through endometrial spiral arteries

62
Q

The fetus is floating in _____________, and it ______ it while also _______ it at the same time. This is made possible due to …….

A

aminiotic fluid
Ingests
Secreting

the cleansing of the blood by the maternal blood vessels, which rids it of all harmful substances

63
Q

Monozygotic twins and a common placenta

A

Come from same oocyte
Have one placenta , one chorionic sac, two amniotic sacs

64
Q

Dizygotic twins and a fused placenta

A

came from two different oocytes
Has fused placenta, fused chorionic sacs, two amnions

65
Q

What causes Dizygotic twins and a fused placenta ?

A

happens due to continuous AMH hormone secretion
Or because both ovaries ovulated and released eggs at the same time

66
Q

Dizygotic twins and two placentae

A

Two oocytes
Two chorionic sacs
Two amnions
Two placentae

67
Q

Placental abnormalities

A

Placenta percreta
Placenta accreta
Placenta previa

68
Q

Chance of survival for Placenta percreta and placenta previa

A

No chance of survival

69
Q

Chance of survival for placenta accreta

A

Variable chance of survival

70
Q

Enlargement of Amnion

A

Starts happening from week 3 to about week 20 happens medially

71
Q

Significance of amniotic fluid:

A

Permits symmetrical growth of the embryo and fetus

Acts as a barrier to infection

Prevents adherence of amnion to the embryo and fetus

Permits normal fetal lung development

Cushions the embryo and fetus

Enables movement of the fetus aiding in muscular development

Maintains homeostasis of fluid and electrolytes

72
Q

Oligohydramnios

A

Refers to when there is a shortage of aminiotic fluid, it can cause the baby to be born with severe abnormalities including underdeveloped lungs

73
Q

Polyhydramnios

A

 Refers to when there is an excess of aminiotic fluid, it can cause the baby to be born with severe abnormalities including anencephaly

Embryology (6 decks)

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