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6 Fetal Membranes And Placenta Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to the placental barrier throughout pregnancy?

A

It becomes thinner

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2
Q

What gives rise to the placenta?

A

Trophoblast

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3
Q

Function of fetal membranes

A

Protection

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4
Q

Functions of the placenta (3)

A

Metabolism

Exchange of metabolic and gaseous products between maternal and fetal bloodstreams

Production of hormones

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5
Q

Metabolism

A

Synthesis of glycogen, cholesterol and fatty acids which provide nutrition for the endometrium

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6
Q

Exchange of metabolic and gaseous products between maternal and fetal bloodstreams including :

A

Nutrients and electrolytes
• Oxygen, CO2, and CO
• Maternal immunoglobulin G( passive immunity from the mother )

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7
Q

Production of hormones :

A

Human chorionic gonadotrophin
Progesterone
Estriol
Somatomammotropin (develops the mammary glands of the mother)

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8
Q

Fetal membranes include

A

Amnion
Chorion
Yolk sac
Allantois ( connective stalk - came from extraembyrionic mesoderm)

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9
Q

Fetal membranes develop from

A

zygote

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10
Q

True or false. The amnion and chorion participate in the formation of the embryo or fetus

A

False. The amnion and chorion do not participate in the formation of the embryo or fetus

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11
Q

What are essential for fetal development?

A

Amnion and amniotic fluid

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12
Q

The amnion and chorion do not participate in the formation of the embryo or fetus. Why?

A

Because they come from the extraembyrionic mesoderm

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13
Q

The yolk sac is incorporate as ..

A

primordium of the gut

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14
Q

When does transfer of nutrients occur between yolk sac and embryo?

A

2nd to 3rd week of development

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15
Q

When do blood cells develop in yolk sac wall?

A

3rd - 6th week of development

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16
Q

When do primordial germ cells appear in the yolk sac wall?

A

3rd week of development

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17
Q

Allantois forms _______ in fetus and _________________ in the adult

A

urachus

median umbilical ligament

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18
Q

When do blood cells develop in the wall of the allantois?

A

3rd-5th week of development

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19
Q

The allantois’ blood vessels persist as

A

Umbilical veins and arteries

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20
Q

When does the placenta start to develop?

A

As soon as implantation occurs

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21
Q

Placenta is a _________ organ

A

Fetomaternal

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22
Q

What does fetomaternal mean?

A

Has a fetal and maternal component

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23
Q

Fetal part develops from …

A

Chorionic sac

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24
Q

Maternal part derived from

A

Endometrium ( source of the blood vessels)

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25
In humans the placenta is of hemochorial Type. What does that mean?
no mixing of blood
26
What type of placenta is present in humans?
hemochorial Type
27
What invades the endometrium?
Syncytiotrophoblast
28
Fetal membranes and placenta weeks to remember
5th-22
29
Decidua
The functional layer of the endometrium in a pregnant woman
30
What happens to the decidua after childbirth?
separates from the remainder of the uterus after childbirth.
31
The three regions of the decidua are named according to
their relation to the implantation site
32
What forms the maternal part of the placenta?
decidua basalis
33
What overlies the conceptus?
decidua capsularis
34
The__________ is all the remaining parts of the decidua
decidua parietalis
35
What pops when the mother is about to give birth?
The mucous plug
36
Gravid uterus at 4 weeks shows ..
relation of the membranes to each other and to the decidua and embryo
37
What is the chorionic plate?
It is a layer of the extraembyrionic mesoderm that marks the fetal part of the placenta
38
___________ fills up with blood vessels.
Extraembryonic mesoderm
39
Why do the villi decrease in size?
Decrease in size to allow for gas exchange
40
Why do the villi differentiate?
The villi differentiate to decrease the size of the barrier
41
Structure of full term placenta
Discoid structure with a diameter of 15-25 cm
42
Thickness of full term placenta
3 cm
43
Weight of full term placenta
500-600g
44
When is the placenta expelled?
Expelled 30 minutes after birth
45
Maternal side exhibits
15-20 cotyledons separated by decidual septa
46
What is the decidual septa?
spaces between the villi
47
Fetal surface is covered by the _____________, which is covered by the ________
chorionic plate amnion
48
Attachment of the umbilical cord is usually ___________ and occasionally __________
eccentric ( near the middle) Marginal ( to the side)
49
Whats on the fetal surface?
Amnion Umbilical cord Chorionic plate Chorionic vessels
50
Whats on the maternal surface?
Cotyledon covered by decidua basalis
51
What are the structural features of the placenta?
Decidual septum , amnion, spiral artery, chorionic plate, decidual plate, endometrial veins,umbilical vessels, chorionix vessels
52
What leaves the embryo and goes into the maternal blood? ( general)
Waste products and other substances
53
What waste products leave the embryo and enter maternal circulation?
Carbon dioxide Water Urea Uric acid Bilirubin
54
What other substances leave the embryo and enter the maternal circulation?
RBC antigens Hormones
55
What leaves the maternal circulation and goes into the embryo?
Oxygen and nutrients Harmful substances Other substances
56
What oxygen and nutrients leave maternal circulation and enter embryo?
Water carbohydrates amino acids Lipids Electrolytes Hormones Vitamins Iron Trace elements
57
What harmful substances leave maternal circulation and enter the embryo?
Drugs ( eg alcohol poisons and carbon monoxide) Viruses ( rubella and cytomega) Strontium-90 Toxoplasma gondii
58
What other substances leave the maternal circulation and enter the embryo?
Antibodies IgG and vitamins
59
What are nontransferabble substances that cant enter embryo through maternal circulation?
Bacteria Heparin Transferrin IgS and IgM
60
How do substances leave and enter the embryo?
Leave embryo through umbilical arteries Enter embryo through umbilical vein
61
How do substances leave and enter the maternal circulation?
Enter maternal circulation through endometrial veins Leave maternal circulation through endometrial spiral arteries
62
The fetus is floating in _____________, and it ______ it while also _______ it at the same time. This is made possible due to …….
aminiotic fluid Ingests Secreting the cleansing of the blood by the maternal blood vessels, which rids it of all harmful substances
63
Monozygotic twins and a common placenta
Come from same oocyte Have one placenta , one chorionic sac, two amniotic sacs
64
Dizygotic twins and a fused placenta
came from two different oocytes Has fused placenta, fused chorionic sacs, two amnions
65
What causes Dizygotic twins and a fused placenta ?
happens due to continuous AMH hormone secretion Or because both ovaries ovulated and released eggs at the same time
66
Dizygotic twins and two placentae
Two oocytes Two chorionic sacs Two amnions Two placentae
67
Placental abnormalities
Placenta percreta Placenta accreta Placenta previa
68
Chance of survival for Placenta percreta and placenta previa
No chance of survival
69
Chance of survival for placenta accreta
Variable chance of survival
70
Enlargement of Amnion
Starts happening from week 3 to about week 20 happens medially
71
Significance of amniotic fluid:
Permits symmetrical growth of the embryo and fetus Acts as a barrier to infection Prevents adherence of amnion to the embryo and fetus Permits normal fetal lung development Cushions the embryo and fetus Enables movement of the fetus aiding in muscular development Maintains homeostasis of fluid and electrolytes
72
Oligohydramnios
Refers to when there is a shortage of aminiotic fluid, it can cause the baby to be born with severe abnormalities including underdeveloped lungs
73
Polyhydramnios
 Refers to when there is an excess of aminiotic fluid, it can cause the baby to be born with severe abnormalities including anencephaly

Embryology (6 decks)

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