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PODT- Pathology > 6. Disordered Cell Growth > Flashcards

6. Disordered Cell Growth Flashcards

1
Q

Why are all cells not equivalent in their ability to proliferate?

A

Some divide often
Some divide infrequently
Some can “never” divide

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2
Q

What are examples of labile cells?

A

Skin
Gut epithelium
Endothelium
Bone marrow

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3
Q

What are examples of stable cells?

A

Liver
Pancreas
Bone

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4
Q

What are examples of permanent cells?

A

CNS

Cardiac muscle

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5
Q

What happens when labile or stable cells get injured?

A

Can often result in tissue regeneration and restoration of normal tissue and function

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6
Q

What happens when permanent cells get injured?

A

Often very little tissue renewal

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7
Q

What is the cellular response to altered physiological stimuli?

A

Hyperplasia
Hypertrophy
Atrophy
Metaplasia

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8
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Increase in the size of a cell without cell division

It can occur by itself but usually occurs in combination with an increase in cell number

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9
Q

What are examples of physiological hypertrophy?

A

Skeletal muscle that occurs with training in athletes

Myometrium of uterus during pregnancy

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10
Q

What are examples of pathological hypertrophy?

A

Cardiac muscle of the left ventricle after outflow obstruction

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11
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Hyperplasia is the increase in the number of cells in a tissue as a consequence of cell division
It can occur by itself but usually occurs in combination with an increase in cell size

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12
Q

What are the two types of hyperplasia?

A

Hormonal hyperplasia

Compensatory hyperplasia

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13
Q

What does hormonal hyperplasia do?

A

Increases the functional capacity of a tissue when needed

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14
Q

What does compensatory hyperplasia do?

A

Increases the tissue mass in response to some event such as resection

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15
Q

What is a physiological example of hyperplasia?

A

Adaptive increase in erthrocyte production leading to increased numbers of red cells in individuals living at high altitude
The low pO2 leads to increased erythroproietin production that stimulates bone marrow erythropoiesis
Increases red cell number and enhances O2 carriage

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16
Q

What are pathological examples of hyperplasia?

A

Psoriasis
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Goitre

17
Q

What is psoriasis?

A

Too many keratinocytes

Thick itchy skin

18
Q

What is benign prostatic hypoerplasia?

A

Enlarged prostate

Urinary tract obstruction

19
Q

What is goitre?

A

Hyperplasia of thyroid gland

20
Q

What is the prostate gland?

A

Small gland found only in men, located in the pelvis, between penis and bladder - involved in production of semen

21
Q

What happens when the prostate becomes enlarged?

A

Can place pressure on the bladder and urethra which can lead to:
Difficulty starting urination
A frequent need to urinate
difficulty fully emptying the bladder

22
Q

What is the thyroid gland?

A

A small butterfly-shaped endocrine gland in the neck. just in front of the trachea

23
Q

What happens when the thyroid gland swells?

A

Produces a lump in the neck known as a goitre this , although rarely, can increase significantly and affect breathing and swallowing

24
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

The replacement one type of one mature differentiated cell type with another mature differentiated cell type, as an adaptive response to some insult or injury

25
Q

What is meant by metamorphosis?

A

Change in form, structure, appearance etc

26
Q

What is barrets oesophagus?

A

condition in which the tissue lining the oesophagus—the muscular tube that carries food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach—is replaced by tissue that is similar to the intestinal lining.

27
Q

What is the process whereby barretts oesophagus is brought about?

A

Intestinal metaplasia

28
Q

What is squamous metaplasia?

A

Can arise in the bladder secondary to chronic cytitsis indwelling catheters, urinary calculi or schistosomiasis

29
Q

What does squamous metaplasia provide a risk factor for?

A

Subsequent development of a carcinoma

30
Q

What is atrophy?

A

The decrease in the size of an organ and can be a consequence of reduction in cell size of number

31
Q

How is atrophy mediated?

A

By reduced cell proliferation or by increased cell loss due to increased apoptosis

32
Q

What is an example of atrophy?

A

Reduced muscle mass after immobilisation

33
Q

What are the causes of atrophy?

A 
Disuse (decreased workload)
Loss of innervation
Diminished blood supply
Inadequate nutrition
Loss of endocrine stimulation
Ageing (senile atrophy)
Pressure

PODT- Pathology (15 decks)

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