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Biology A2 > 6 Disease > Flashcards

6 Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

what does TB stand for?

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis

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2
Q

what are the 10 components of bacteria:

A

1-flagellum
2-lipid granule
3-ribosome
4-pili
5-genetic material
6-slime capsule
7-cell wall
8-plasma membrane
9-cytoplasm
10-plasmid

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3
Q

what are the 4 main components of viruses? (gerc)

A

Genetic material + packaged Enzyme
lipid Envelope
Receptor proteins
Capsid

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4
Q

what type of genetic material can viruses have?

A

DNA or RNA

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5
Q

what type of genetic material does bacteria have?

A

DNA ONLY

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6
Q

what does bactericidal antibiotic mean?

A

the antibiotic will DESTROY bacteria

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7
Q

what does bacteriostatic antibiotic mean?

A

inactivates bacteria by preventing reproduction

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8
Q

how do bactericidal antibiotics work?

A
  • inhibit cell wall synthesis → leads to lysis
  • disrupt cell membrane so change in permeability = no bonds in cell wall = no growth
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9
Q

how do bacteriostatic antibiotics work?

A

-inhibit nucleic acid synthesis- prevents cell division and the production of proteins

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10
Q

how can bacteria spread resistance?

A

using tubes or pili it can directly share a copy of its DNA plasmid

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11
Q

what do antibiotics treat?

A

bacterial and some fungal infections

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12
Q

what is one way codes of practice have evolved?

A
  • doctors less willingly hand out antibiotics to lessen the chances of resistant bacteria developing
  • emphasising the importance of carrying out the full dose, the remaining 1% not killed could mutate and gain resistance
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13
Q

what’s some improved hospital practice?

A
  • constant washing of hands
  • hand sanitiser
  • masks
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14
Q

what makes agar jelly a good culture medium?

A

contains food carbs/proteins

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15
Q

is TB contagious?

A

YES

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16
Q

how is TB easily spread?

A

droplets or airborne pathogens

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17
Q

Why is it advantageous to TB bacteria to infect the upper part of the lung?

A
  • TB is an aerobic bacterium which needs oxygen
  • upper part has highest conc. of oxygen
18
Q

what is meant by granuloma?

A

a growth of tissue produced around an area of infection

19
Q

what are granulomas like in TB?

A

anaerobic and contain dead bacteria and macrophages

20
Q

name the process by which macrophages ingest bacteria.

A

phagocytosis

21
Q

what 3 conditions can weaken the immune system making you more susceptible to TB?

A
  • HIV
  • chemotherapy
  • recent organ transplant
22
Q

explain how TB can evade the immune response.

A
  • infect macrophages, other WBCs cannot detect them, antigens remain hidden
  • cannot be broken down due to tough waxy cell wall
  • lies dormant for many years
23
Q

state some symptoms of TB

A
  • coughing blood
  • short breath
  • fever
  • unexplained weight and appetite loss
24
Q

how can TB lead to secondary infections? death?

A
  • macrophages are unavailable to destroy other pathogens
  • slower response
  • once in blood it can travel to other vital organs and spread
25
Q

why are some countries more prone to TB? 5 points

A
  • poor sanitation
  • overcrowding
  • lack of vaccines
  • cost of antibiotic for the whole 6 months
  • larger HIV population → more TB
26
Q

why would a HIV infection increase risk of TB?

A

attacks immune system and T helper cells

27
Q

what organ is most commonly infected with TB?

A

Lungs

28
Q

outline the treatment for TB

A
  • at least 3 diff antibiotics over 3-9 months
  • rest and healthy diet
29
Q

what does HIV stand for?

A

human immunodeficiency virus

30
Q

what does AIDS stand for?

A

acquired immune deficiency syndrome (final stage of HIV)

31
Q

what are the 6 components of HIV?

A
  • gp 120 molecule (glycoprotein)
  • lipid bilayer
  • layer of viral proteins
  • capsid
  • 3 viral proteins
  • 2 RNA strand
32
Q

what are the 3 viral proteins of HIV? (rip)

A
  • reverse transcriptase
  • Integrase
  • protease
33
Q

how does HIV replicate?

A
  • HIV gp120 binds to CD4 receptor
  • viral RNA and proteins are down into cell
  • RNA reverse transcribed into DNA
  • Integrase inserts viral DNA into hosts DNA

(latency period)

  • once translated and transcribed, protease modifies the proteins
  • viral genetic material and protein packaged in capsid
  • capsid exits to infect another cell
34
Q

explain the meaning of latency in replication of HIV.

A

Dna inserted into host cells chromosomes

35
Q

what does reverse transcriptase do?

A

produce DNA from viral RNA

36
Q

what does integrate do?

A

inserts viral DNA into host cell DNA

37
Q

what does protease do?

A

modifies proteins after transcription and translation

38
Q

how is HIV transmitted from person to person?

A

-semen, blood vaginal fluid via unprotected sex or sharing needles, breastfeeding

39
Q

what type of cells dies HIV infect?

A

T helper cells - with CD4 receptor

40
Q

what symptoms come from HIV?

A

flu like eg sweating, vomit, fever, sometimes none

41
Q

how can HIV lead to death?

A
  • high HIV count but Loe T helper (bad as this is important in triggering an immune response)
  • susceptible to secondary disease eg cancer, TB

Biology A2 (15 decks)

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