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Biology A2 > 5 Greenhouse effect > Flashcards

5 Greenhouse effect Flashcards

1
Q

what is happening at 1?

A

1 sun produces radiation at different wavelengths

1 shorter wavelengths pass through the atmoshpehere

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2
Q

what is happening at 2?

A

some energy at the wrong wavelength gets reflected back out (LONG)

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3
Q

what is happening at 3?

A

energy is absorbed by the land, heating it and its surroundings up

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4
Q

what is happening at 4?

A

greenhouse gases will absorb the heat and re-emit the heat energy, some to earth other to space (above ozone layer)

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5
Q

what is happening at 5?

A

heat is effectively trapped and warms the earth (important for life to occur and all metabolic reactions)

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6
Q

name two greenhouse gases.

A

CO2 and methane

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7
Q

is the greenhouse effect good?

A

YES! the earth needs to be at a temperature where water is not frozen as it is needed for all life

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8
Q

evaluate the use of temperature records as evidence for climate change.

A
  • reliable but short term
  • only more accurate in recent decades
  • remember to look at error bars
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9
Q

how is dendrochronology used as evidence for cc?

A
  • scientist remove core from trees and date each ring by counting the total number
    • by looking at the thickness of each ring they can see what the climate was like each year
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10
Q

ring are thicker when the climate at the time was ________. why?

A

WARMER= thicker

better conditions for growth

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11
Q

what is a climate proxy?

A

-preserved physical characteristics of the past that stand in for direct estimations

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12
Q

what is a peat bog?

A

areas of wetland that have formed layers over thousands of years due to dead plant material mainly

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13
Q

how is pollen in part bogs evidence for cc?

A
  • scientists can take cores from peat bogs and extract pollen grains from different layers
  • then identify the plant species the pollen came from
  • pollen from similar plant species now can represent the climate conditions needed for this plant to successfully grow= approx temp of climate
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14
Q

what does a gradual increase in pollen from a plant species that is more successful in warmer climates show?

A

-increase in global temperature

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15
Q

explain why only pollen from successful plant species is preserved in peat bogs

A

only fully grown/mature species produce pollen

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16
Q

explain how biofuels may reduce global warming.(3)

A
  • possibly carbon neutral/ to replace fossil fuels
  • plants used for biofuels
  • CO2 used for photosynthesis by plants
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17
Q

what is a carbon sink?

A

any reservoir natural or otherwise that stores some carbon containing chemical compound= therefore lowing the conc of CO2 in the atmosphere (vegetation+ the ocean)

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18
Q

what are the two main causes of climate change?

A

greenhouse gases - CO2 and methane

19
Q

key points of natural selection. four marker

A
  • mutation which causes variation
  • selection pressures/ environmental stress
  • one allele become more advantageous
  • survival of the fittest those with this allele survive, the rest die out
  • reproduce and pass down allele= allele frequency changes
20
Q

what is allopatric speciation?

A

due to 2 different areas so geographical isolation, eg a river

21
Q

what is sympatric speciation?

A

speciation WITHOUT geographical isolation, takes place in the same area

-eg due to a mutation

22
Q

Speciation happens when ______ of the _____ species become ___________ isolated, ________ gene flow between two populations. This mean natural selection act on each population _________.

A
  • populations
  • same
  • reproductively
  • reducing
  • separately
23
Q

define gene pool.

A

collection of genes in the population

24
Q

define species.

A

organisms that can reproduce to give fertile offspring

25
Q

define speciation.

A

evolution of a new species from existing ones

26
Q

what process removes CO2 from the atmosphere?

A

photosynthesis

27
Q

what 2 processes add CO2 to the atmosphere?

A

respiration and combustion

28
Q

Explain why the ‘anaerobic oxidation of methane’ could be a ‘key climate regulator’.3

A
  • methane is a greenhouse gas
  • greenhouse gases trap/absorb heat energy
  • less methane in atmosphere= less climate change
29
Q

what four fuels, could be considered to be biofuels.

(1)

A biodiesel, ethanol, hydrogen, methane

B biodiesel, ethanol, hydrogen, propane

C biodiesel, ethanol, methane, propane

D biodiesel, hydrogen, methane, propane

A

A biodiesel, ethanol, hydrogen, methane

30
Q

Large areas of land may need to be cleared in order to produce biofuels. This might involve deforestation.

Discuss why the production of biofuels may not be carbon neutral.(5)

A
  • carbon neutral meaning
  • forests are carbon sinks
  • deforestation = less plants= less CO2 removed via photosynthesis
  • burning of trees/biofuels produces CO2
31
Q

Explain how the combustion products, from the burning of fuels, may lead to global warming.(4)

A
  • CO2 produced which is a greenhouse gas
  • gases build up/remain in upper atmosphere
  • absorb/trap heat energy/IR
  • reflected form earths surface
  • mean temp of earth’s surface/atmosphere increases
32
Q

Suggest why using first generation biofuels instead of petrol and diesel could reduce global warming.(3)

A
  • using/burning fossil fuels releases CO2
  • CO2 is a greenhouse gas
  • carbon dioxide taken in by plants via photosynthesis during production of plants for biofuel production
33
Q

Second generation biofuels are now being developed. These will use non-food parts of crops that contain the polymers cellulose and lignin.

Bacteria can be used to synthesise ethanol from these polymers. However, enzyme treatment is necessary before the bacteria can use these polymers.

(i) Name a part of a plant stem that would contain these polymers.

A

xylem

34
Q

Explain how studying pollen grains in peat bogs can provide evidence of climate change.(4)

A
  • pollen is preserved in peat bogs
  • a plant species can be identified from its pollen
  • climate affects type of plant grown
  • depth=period of time since pollen was produced
  • change in climate are indicated by changes in climate
35
Q

The percentage of strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to the antibiotic INH has increased during these three years.

Suggest how natural selection could have resulted in this increase.(3)

A
  • bacteria has mutation in its DNA/gene
  • presence/usage of INH antibiotic acts as a selection pressure
  • advantageous allele (for resistance) is passed on
  • bacteria divide asexually via mitosis
  • Increase in allele frequency
36
Q

DNA samples were collected from these two populations of elephants.

Scientists have concluded that the forest elephant and the savannah elephant are two different species.

* (i) Analyse the data and the information provided to comment on the validity of this conclusion.(6)

A
  • feeding behaviours
  • anatomy
  • genetic differences
  • no info on reproducing to give fertile offspring
  • no info on number of elephants used for DNA analysis
37
Q

Explain how two species of African elephant could evolve from a common ancestor.(3)

A
  • two populations are geographically isolated
  • reduced gene flow between two populations
  • leads to allopatric speciation
  • different selection pressures lead to natural selection
38
Q

Name one process that would have validated Pettersson’s paper before it was published in the journal known as the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (paragraph 58).(1)

A

peer review

39
Q

(a) Place a cross in the box next to the best definition of a species.

A individuals can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

B individuals can interbreed to produce hybrid offspring

C individuals can interbreed to produce sterile offspring

D individuals can interbreed to produce offspring

A

A individuals can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

40
Q

A new species of mosquito has evolved in the tunnels of the London Underground. These mosquitoes are believed to be the descendants of bird-biting mosquitoes which colonised the tunnels 100 hundred years ago. The mosquitoes now feed on rats, mice and human beings instead of birds.

Explain how this species of mosquito may have evolved.(5)

A
  • geographically isolated in the tunnel
  • RANDOM genetic mutations allow some to feed on things above
  • these individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce
  • this allele is passed down to offspring , proportion with this mutation will increase over time
  • genetically distinct + define species
41
Q

Suggest why successful interbreeding between chiffchaffs and willow warblers (2 diff species) would make some scientists doubt their classification as separate species.(3)

A
  • offspring produced
  • same species means they can produce fertile offspring
  • offspring of different species may be infertile due to genetic incompatibility/ diff number of chromosomes
42
Q

Suggest reasons why the two species of birds do not interbreed.(3)

A
  • reproductively isolated
  • different breeding times
  • anatomically isolated
43
Q

Records show that very little change in the appearance of chiffchaffs and willow warblers has occurred during the last two hundred years.

Suggest why the rate of change in the appearance of these two species is relatively slow.(3)

A
  • both well-adapted
  • no recent mutations to improve survival
  • little changes to allele frequency and gene flow
  • little change in environment
44
Q

define allele frequency.

A

the proportion of one allele within a population

Biology A2 (15 decks)

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