6) Culture of Decision Making Flashcards
Antisocial Punishment
= instead of effectively punishing free riders, society/people may punish co-operators and those who contribute more than the punisher.
- This might explain why punishment is not effective in some countries.
Factors influencing the effectiveness of punishment in societies
- Trust
- Market competitiveness
- Religion
- Social Capital
Trust
The beliefs about other’s benevolence
and the willingness to accept vulnerability on, based on positive expectations of the intentions or behaviors of other
- Important to public goods
- people high in trust more likely to contribute
- varying levels of trust might reflect norms about expected contributions
Effect of Punishment on Cooperation in Countries
Punishment is more effective at promoting cooperation in:
o Highly democratic countries
o High-trust countries
o Countries with stronger norms for cooperation
–> Overall moderately positive effect of punishment
How are Trust and Norm Enforcement related?
- May reinforce each other in promoting cooperation
- Altruistic punishment more likely in High-trust
societies
(1) TRUST –> Benevolent perceptions of norm enforcers –> High status for norm enforcers /// Guilt for non-cooperative people
(2) COLLECTIVE ACTION –> Increased Trust
Successful societal institutions may gain and maintain their success via …?
informal social processes realized among the social networks within those societies
Informal enforcement of cooperative norms positively relates to?
To participation in democratic societies
Independent vs Interdependent Self-Construal
INDEPENDENT:
conceptualizes the self as an autonomous and bounded entity, emphasizing the independence and uniqueness of the self –> Western Cultures
INTERDEPENDENT:
conceptualizes the self as an interconnected and overlapping with close others, emphasizing harmony with these close others –> East Asian Cultures
Effect of brain activity in cultures on self-construal
- Self-construal as the mediator for cultural group differences in brain activity
- Activity of mPFC (encoding self-relevance of stimuli) ) increased in western cultures
- • Activity in the TPJ (involved in belief reasoning and perspective taking) is enhanced in East Asian
How are self-construals constructed?
Trough priming
INTERDEPENDENT:
Reading essays containing plural pronouns (we /us) OR thinking how the self is DIFFERENT to others
INDEPENDENT:
Reading essays with I/me OR thinking how the self is similar to us
Effect of self-construal priming
- Greater mPFC activation in independent priming
- Emotional Context: Interdependent priming pins to EC
- Empathic Neural Response
- Sensomotor Activity (Pain experience)
5.Mental Readiness:
• Interdependent self-construal priming may facilitate mental readiness for attention to social contexts
- Independent promote MR for self-focusing
Conclusion on mediating effect of self-construal in different cultures
- Performing the same task involving the same stimuli can engage distinct patterns of brain activity in individuals from different societies
- These group differences can be mediated by specific cultural values
- Brain responses to stimuli are constrained by both sustained (long-term cultural experiences) and transient (short-term exposure to cultural values) cultural frameworks
Social Capital
- The idea that the benevolence of others in one’s social network is a valuable resource
- Provides benefits to individuals (in both economic and social exchange)
Self-construal
How an individual perceives, comprehends and interprets the self
Error-related negativity
weaker negative amplitude (following a pre-motor potential) that is linked to a wrong choice in a discrimination task within certain paradigms (Stroop/Flanker task)
