6. COMMUNICABLE DISEASE - MALARIA IN ETHIOPIA

Question 1

VIDEO

Answer 1

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3AOxwR8xlJk&list=PLdgqkwfRbp5zfSqb5l81IulmlJsfQKZV4&index=11

Question 2

MALARIA

Answer 2

Worlds deadliest disease
Strong link to poverty
405,000 deaths in 2019 - 75% in under 5
In 2019, Ethiopia reported 1.7 million confirmed malaria cases.
Prevalence is high but incidences low if effective startegies
Fits Omran Model of Epiemiological Transition - Shift from high burden of infection - improved health outcomes with good strategies

Question 3

ETHIOPIA

Answer 3

2. Mostly tropical, monsoon climate – near equator ideal mosquito conditions eg flash floods  standing water
   Population 125 MILLION
   LIDC - Low literacy

Question 4

ENVIRONMENTAL/PHYSICAL CAUSES

Answer 4

o Mosquito Breeding Sites: Stagnant water in puddles, ponds, and open containers provides breeding grounds for malaria-carrying mosquitoes.
o Climate Conditions: Warm and humid climates in certain regions of Ethiopia favor mosquito proliferation.
o Altitude: Malaria transmission is more common in lowland areas compared to highland regions

Question 5

HUMAN CAUSES OF MALARIA

Answer 5

o Deforestation: Clearing forests for agriculture or urbanization disrupts natural ecosystems and increases human-mosquito contact.
o Urbanization: Rapid urban growth leads to overcrowding, inadequate sanitation, and increased risk of malaria transmission.
o Migration: Movement of people from endemic to non-endemic areas introduces malaria to new regions.

Question 6

PREVALENCE/INCIDENCE/ PATTERNS OF MALARIA

Answer 6

• Prevalence:
  o High Burden: Ethiopia has a high malaria burden, accounting for a significant proportion of global cases and deaths.
  o Regional Variation: Malaria prevalence varies across regions, with higher transmission in lowland areas.
  o Seasonal Patterns: Malaria transmission is seasonal, peaking during the rainy season (June to September).
  o Statistics: Ethiopia reported 1.7 million confirmed malaria cases in 2019.

Question 7

SOCIO ECONOMIC IMPACTS

Answer 7

• Healthcare Costs: Malaria treatment and prevention impose a significant economic burden on the health system.
• Productivity Loss: Malaria-related morbidity and absenteeism reduce workforce productivity.
• Social and Economic Disparities: Malaria disproportionately affects socio-economically disadvantaged groups in Ethiopia.

Question 8

GOVERNMENT DIRECT & INDIRECT STRATEGIES TO MITIGATE AGAINST MALARA

Answer 8

• Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS):
  o Purpose: Regular spraying of insecticides inside homes to kill malaria-carrying mosquitoes.
  o Impact: IRS reduces malaria transmission and prevents new infections.
  o Statistics: In 2019, Ethiopia conducted IRS in 1.7 million households.
• Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs):
  o Distribution: LLINs are distributed to protect against mosquito bites, especially during sleep.
  o Impact: Proper LLIN use reduces malaria incidence.
  o Statistics: In 2019, Ethiopia distributed 32 million LLINs.

Question 9

INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES STRATEGIES

Answer 9

• World Health Organization (WHO):
  o Guidelines: WHO provides guidelines for malaria prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
  o Capacity Building: WHO supports Ethiopia’s health system to strengthen malaria control efforts.
  GAtes foundation search for vaccine