Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Zootech 104 > 6-Chromosomal Function In Gametes/Gametogenesis And Sex Inheritance/Determination In Animals > Flashcards

6-Chromosomal Function In Gametes/Gametogenesis And Sex Inheritance/Determination In Animals Flashcards

1
Q

A tightly coiled segments of DNA. Carriers of genetic material that control biological traits and sex determination

A

CHROMOSOMES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Either of a pair of chromosomes that determine whether an individual is male or female

A

SEX CHROMOSOMES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The sex chromosomes of human beings and other mammals are designated by scientists as?

A

X and Y

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In humans the sex chromosomes consist of one pair of the total of?

A

23 pairs of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A reproductive cell of an animal or plant

A

Gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

female gametes are called?

A

ova

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

male gametes are called?

A

sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the specialized cell division process that produces gametes by reducing the chromosome number from diploid (2n) to haploid (n)?

A

Meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Homologous chromosomes separate, reducing the chromosome number by half

A

Meiosis I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sister chromatids separate, similar to mitosis

A

Meiosis II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What phase where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material, increasing variation.

A

Crossing over(Prophase I)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Chromosomes align randomly, leading to,different genetic combinations

A

Independent assortment(Metaphase I)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The process of forming gametes (sperm and eggs) for reproduction

A

GAMETOGENESIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  • production of male gamete or spematozoa that fertilizes the female gamete, ova.
A

SPERMATOGENESIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  • shapes and develops the female gametes (ova or eggs)
A

OOGENESIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  • Initial phase of Spermatogenesis
  • Consists a series of mitotic division of spermatogonia ending in production of primary spermatocyte
A

SPERMATOCYTOGENESIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
  • Creation of spermatids from primary and eventually secondary spermatocytes after they undergo a series of meiosis
A

SPERMATIDOGENESIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Differentiation stage of spermatids into mature spermatozoa.

A

SPERMIOGENESIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Primordial male germ cells that are the precursors of spermatozoa multiply by mitosis to become spermatocytes throughout adult life

A

SPERMATOGONIUM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

A cell produced during the second stage of spermatogenesis, formed from spermatogonium by dividing mitotically to produce two diploid primary spermatocytes, then undergoes MEIOSIS I to produce two haploid secondary spermatocytes and dividing spermatids

A

SPERMATOCYTES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the haploid male sex cell formed after the completion of meiotic divisions, they give rise to the mature spermatozoa after undergoing differentiation.

A

SPERMATIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

the mature male sex cell capable of fertilizing the ovum characterized by having a compact head and one or more long flagella for swimming

A

SPERMATOZOA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q
  • Primordial germ cells migrate to the ovaries.
  • They undergo repeated mitotic divisions to form numerous oogonia.
  • This phase occurs during fetal development and stops before birth
A

MULTIPLICATION PHASE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q
  • Oogonia differentiate into primary oocytes.
  • They increase in size and accumulate cytoplasmic nutrients.
  • Each primary oocyte gets surrounded by granulosa cells, forming a primordial follicle.
  • Meiosis I begins but halts at prophase I until puberty
A

GROWTH PHASE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q
  • At puberty, hormonal signals stimulate some primary oocytes to resume meiosis I.
  • Meiosis I completes, forming a secondary oocyte and a smaller first polar body.
  • The secondary oocyte begins meiosis II but arrests at metaphase II.
  • Ovulation releases the secondary oocyte into the fallopian tube.
  • If fertilization occurs, meiosis II completes, producing a mature ovum and a second polar body.
A

MATURATION PHASE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q
  • Immature diploid female gamete in the ovary.
  • Undergoes mitosis during fetal development, forming primary oocytes.
  • Most degenerate before birth; the remaining enter meiosis I and arrest at
  • prophase I.
A

OOGONIUM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q
  • Formed during embryonic development through oocytogenesis.
  • Arrests at prophase I until puberty.
  • At puberty, completes meiosis I to form a secondary oocyte
A

PRIMARY OOCYTE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q
  • Formed after meiosis I, ready for fertilization.
  • Arrests at metaphase II until fertilization occurs.
A

SECONDARY OOCYTE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q
  • Haploid cell formed after completion of meiosis II.
  • Results when the sperm enters the secondary oocyte, triggering the final meiotic division
A

OOTID

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q
  • Mature female gamete that fuses with sperm to form a zygote.
  • Carries the set of chromosomes contributed by the female
31
Q

The primary role of these chromosomes is to carry genetic information necessary for the development and traits of a new organism.

A

Genetic Information Transfer

32
Q

During meiosis, homologous chromosomes can exchange genetic material through crossover events, which increases genetic diversity among offspring

A

Genetic Diversity

33
Q

When a sperm fertilizes an ovum, their combined chromosomal sets form a diploid zygote with 46 chromosomes (23 from each parent), ensuring the continuation of species-specific chromosomal numbers.

A

Fertilization and Zygote Formation

34
Q

This process ensures that each new generation inherits the correct number and types of chromosomes necessary for species survival

A

Species Continuation

35
Q

What is the results in the development of individuals with characteristics that allow them to be identified as males, females, or in some cases, hermaphrodites?

A

Sex determination

36
Q

Animals with two different sex chromosomes are of ? and they are thus able to produce two types of gametes.

A

heterogametic sex

37
Q

members of the ? can only produce one type of gamete

A

homogametic sex

38
Q

The mammalian egg was first identified in what year? with fertilization observed later in the century

39
Q

The discovery of chromosomal sex determination was made by ? in 1903 while studying mealworms. This finding was crucial in understanding how genetic material influences sex differentiation

A

Nettie Stevens

40
Q

What is the most well-known sex-determination system, especially in humans?

A

The XX/XY system

41
Q

They have two X chromosomes (XX)

42
Q

They have one X and one Y chromosome (XY).

43
Q

What gene on the Y-chromosome triggers male development by initiating testes formation, which produces testosterone and other male-specific hormones?

44
Q

What system is a variation of the XY system. In this system, females have two X chromosomes (XX), while males have only one (X0), with “0” indicating the absence of a second sex chromosome. This system is found in insects such as grasshoppers, crickets, and cockroaches

45
Q

Who proposed the Genetic Balance Theory in 1921 based on studies in Drosophila?

A

Calvin Bridges

47
Q

The theory states that sex is determined by the ratio of X chromosomes to autosomal sets (X:A ratio). A normal diploid fly has two sets of autosomes (2A), meaning the expected X:A ratios are based on this reference

A

Genetic Balance Theory

48
Q

If the X:A ratio is 1.0 (2X:2A), the fly develops as a?

49
Q

If the X:A ratio is 0.5 (1X:2A), the fly develops as a?

50
Q

Ratios between 0.5 and 1.0 in X:A ratio produce?

A

intersex individuals with a mix of male and female traits

51
Q

Extreme X:A ratios (≥1.5 or ≤0.33) result in?

A

metafemales or metamales, which are weak and sterile

52
Q

Also called Haplodiploidy is seen in Hymenopteran insects (ants, bees, wasps), sex is determined by whether an egg is fertilized

A

Sex determination by male haploid

53
Q

Unfertilized eggs develop into?

A

haploid males

54
Q

Fertilized eggs develop into?

A

diploid females

55
Q

If a fertilized egg has two identical sex- determining genes, it becomes a?

A

sterile male

56
Q

They can control whether an egg is fertilized by releasing or withholding stored sperm

57
Q

What system is the reverse of the XY system—males are ZZ, and females are ZW.

A

ZW sex-determination system

58
Q

What system is found in birds, some reptiles (like snakes and Komodo dragons), and several insect species (such as butterflies and moths).

A

ZW sex-determination system

59
Q

Not all species rely on chromosomes for sex determination. In some reptiles, including turtles and crocodiles, sex is influenced by the incubation temperature of eggs during a critical developmental,period. This phenomenon is known as? where different temperatures result in different sexes.

A

temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD)

60
Q

temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) in many turtles, cooler incubation temperatures produce?

61
Q

temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) in many turtles warmer temperatures produce?

63
Q

temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) in crocodiles, moderate temperatures result in?

64
Q

temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) in crocodiles both higher and lower temperatures produce?

65
Q

What pattern in temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) produces one sex at higher temperatures and the other at lower temperatures?

66
Q

What pattern in temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) occurs when extreme temperatures at both ends of the spectrum produce one sex, while moderate temperatures result in the other?

A

Pattern II

67
Q

In the marine worm(larvae) become male if they contact a female but develop into females if they settle alone?

A

Bonellia viridis

68
Q

In the marine worm Bonellia viridis, larvae become male if they contact a female but develop into females if they settle alone. This is triggered by a chemical called? produced by females

69
Q

What species like earthworms and some snails, have both male and female reproductive organs?

A

Hermaphroditic species

70
Q

Some fish, reptiles, and insects reproduce through? producing only female offspring without males.

A

parthenogenesis

71
Q

Species like ? can reproduce both sexually and asexually, adapting to mate availability

A

boa constrictor and Komodo dragon

72
Q

Some genes are sex-linked genes, meaning that they are inherited with the sex chromosomes. Genes carried on the X chromosome are called ? and are generally denoted by an X with a superscript gene symbol. These genes are not present on the male Y chromosome

A

X-linked genes

73
Q

Gene Location: Genes are located on the X chromosome.
Occurrence: inheritance present in both females (XX) and males (XY).

A

X-Linked Inheritance

74
Q

What inheritance occurs only in males because females do not have a Y chromosome?

A

Y-Linked Inheritance

Zootech 104 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions