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Fitness Instructor > 6. Cardiorespiratory system > Flashcards

6. Cardiorespiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of all biochemical reactions to maintain the living state of the cells

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2
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The way the body maintains itself and returns to stability

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3
Q

What is catbolism / anabolism?

A

Catabolism - the breakdown of molecules to obtain compounds (energy releasing)

Anabolism - the sysntheis of all compounds needed by cells (energy consuming)

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4
Q

The heart is a ___ ____ pumping system. The ___ ___ contract whilst the ____ ___ and vice versa.

A

The heart is a double action pumping system. The 2 atria contract whilst the ventricles relax, and vice versa.

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5
Q

What is the name of heart balances which stiffen and narrow from infection/wear and tear?

A

Stenosis

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6
Q

Which ventricle has a thicker muscular wall and why?

A

The left ventricle - as blood pumped more forcefully to the muscles

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7
Q

Note the differences in percentages of inhaled and exhaled air -

Nitrogen -
Oxygen -
CO2
Trace -

A

Nitrogen - 79% - stays the same
Oxygen - 21%/17% - 5% decrease
CO2 - <1%/4% - 4% increase
Trace - 0.001% - stays the same

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8
Q

Note the 7 step journey of inspiration

A
  1. Nostrils (air filtered through nasal cavity)
  2. Nasopharynx and Oropharynx (swallow and ventilation channels)
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea
  5. Left and right bronchi
  6. Bronchioles
  7. Alveoli

(reversed on exhalation)

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9
Q

What are the Origin, insertion and action of the

  1. Intercostals (external)
  2. Intercostals (internal)
A
  1. External
    Origin: Inferior borders first 11 ribs
    Insertion: Superior borders of rib
    Action: Elevates and spreads ribs on exhale
  2. Internal
    Origin: Superior border 2-12 ribs
    Insertion: Lumbar vertebrae, cartilage of ribs 7-10 and 11-12
    Action: Contracts and flatten on inhale
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10
Q

Where are the lungs located (rib wise)

A

1st- 6th/7th rib

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11
Q

How many litres of air do the lungs contain?

A

1

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12
Q

When at rest, how much air flows in/out respiratory passage? and what is this called?

A

500ml - Tidal volume

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13
Q

What’s the average respiratory rate?

A

12 breaths a minute

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14
Q

How do we work out ventilation?

A

Tidal volume x Breaths per minute

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15
Q

How do we work out total lung capacity and what is the average?

A

Residual volume + Vital capacity

Average: 6L

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16
Q

What is our breathing rate controlled by?

A

RespirotRy centres in brain respond to changes in blood concentration - CO2 levels

17
Q

How does oxygen enter the blood strewn/CO2 exit (internal)?

A

At the respiratory membrane (where alveolar and capillary walls meet) gases move across memberane.

Blood is oxygenated and co2 is removed.

18
Q

What has a thin wall (1 cell thick) so gassed can diffuse?

A

Alveoli and capillaries

19
Q

Describe blood flow

  1. Pulmonary
  2. Systemic
A 
1. Pulmonary (blood from heart to lungs)
From body 
Right atrium 
Right Venteicle
Pulmonary arteries
Alcoholic 
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium 
Left ventricle
To body 
2. Systemic (blood from heart to rest of body)
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Aorta
Body tissues
Vanae Cavae
Right Atrium
Right ventricle
20
Q

Which atrium recurved the deoxygenated blood from the body and through which valve?

A

Right atrium recieves deoxygenated through vanae cavae

21
Q

Which valve pushes blood to the lungs for oxygenisation?

A

Semilunar (pulmonary)

22
Q

What is the role of bloody?

4

A
  1. Transports nutrients, horemones, enzymes, waste
  2. Regulates body temp and pH levels
  3. Prevents fluid loss as clotting
    Protects against foreign microbes and toxins
23
Q

What makes up the blood %

A

Plasma 55%
Erythrocytes (RBC) 45%
Leukocytes (WBCs) and platlets <1%

24
Q

What’s the differences between RBCs and WBCs?

A

RBC- Transport oxygen to tissue, 240 million in drop of blood, contains haemoglobin

WBC - Defence system for immune system, fewer in quantity, transparent

25
Q

What is blood pressure and how is it measured?

A

Pressure exerted by blood ok the walls of the arteries to keep the blood circulating

Use sphygmomanometer at brachial artery above elbow joint

26
Q

Why are the 2 different blood pressure readings and what do they mean, what’s a normal range?

A

Systolic - pressure exerted when blood forced out left ventricle into the aorta
(110-130 normal)

Diastolic - pressure exerted in arteries when left ventricle is relaxed
(70-90 normal)

27
Q

Where is blood flow at rest % and how does it differ with exercise?

A 
Bone marrow 5%
Brain 18%
Heart 5%
Liver 26%
Kidneys 20%
Muscles 20%
Skin 7%

Exercise: Muscles 87%

28
Q

What process causes blood to flow to muscles during exercise?

A

Vasodilation and vasoconstriction (blood vessels increasing and decreasing in size) to close down areas and divert flow to muscles.

29
Q

What is
Cardiac output (Q)
Stroke volume

A

Cardiac output: blood ejected from left ventricle into aorta per minute

Stroke volume: multiply blood pumped during each heartbeat

Q=SV x HR

30
Q

Arteries carry blood from ___ to ___

Veins carry blood from ___ to ___

A

Artistries - heart to other parts

Veins - from other parts to heart

31
Q

Describe difference between arteries and veins blood pressure/thickness/position

A

Artistries has stronger thicker walls with elastic tissue. Higher blood pressure.

Veins are thinner with larger hollows, they are more superficial position

32
Q

What do the cappalieries do?

A

Connect arteriolies to venules

33
Q

Short term effects of exercise (10)

A
  1. Heart rate
  2. Blood flow
  3. Oxygen uptake
  4. Cardiac output
  5. Stroke volume
  6. Breathing rate
  7. Muscle temp
  8. Body temp
  9. Lactic acid
    …increase
  10. Dilation of blood vessels
34
Q

Long term effects exercise (13)

A
  1. Lung efficiency
  2. Gaseous exchange
  3. Size smooth muscle tissue
  4. Miteochonsira
  5. Cappilrisation
  6. Blood flow
  7. Transport oxygen and remove waste
  8. Cardiac output
  9. Stroke volume
    …increase
  10. RHR
  11. Risk of hypertension
  12. Risk of CHD
    …decrease
  13. Stronger heart
35
Q

What is VO2 Max?

A

Maximum amount of oxygen via respiratory system, circulated to working muscles via cardiovascular, used to make ATP via muscular system.

36
Q

What is guidelines for heart rate intensity?

A

55-90%

37
Q

How can you measure sub-max aerobic fitness?

A

Work 60-90 secs ask borg rating and note number.

Every 90 increase effort u til RPE 13 - this is how they should feel in warm up.

38
Q

What do you get if you multiple the borg rating?

A

Heart rate approx.

39
Q

What RPE should we be at

Pulse raiser
Movement prep
Workout
Lower
Tissue restoration
A 
Pulse raiser - up to 13
Movement prep - 13-15
Main - 15-20
Pulse lower - lower to 8
Tissue restore - up to 8

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