6. Cardiorespiratory system Flashcards
What is metabolism?
The sum of all biochemical reactions to maintain the living state of the cells
What is homeostasis?
The way the body maintains itself and returns to stability
What is catbolism / anabolism?
Catabolism - the breakdown of molecules to obtain compounds (energy releasing)
Anabolism - the sysntheis of all compounds needed by cells (energy consuming)
The heart is a ___ ____ pumping system. The ___ ___ contract whilst the ____ ___ and vice versa.
The heart is a double action pumping system. The 2 atria contract whilst the ventricles relax, and vice versa.
What is the name of heart balances which stiffen and narrow from infection/wear and tear?
Stenosis
Which ventricle has a thicker muscular wall and why?
The left ventricle - as blood pumped more forcefully to the muscles
Note the differences in percentages of inhaled and exhaled air -
Nitrogen -
Oxygen -
CO2
Trace -
Nitrogen - 79% - stays the same
Oxygen - 21%/17% - 5% decrease
CO2 - <1%/4% - 4% increase
Trace - 0.001% - stays the same
Note the 7 step journey of inspiration
- Nostrils (air filtered through nasal cavity)
- Nasopharynx and Oropharynx (swallow and ventilation channels)
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Left and right bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli
(reversed on exhalation)
What are the Origin, insertion and action of the
- Intercostals (external)
- Intercostals (internal)
- External
Origin: Inferior borders first 11 ribs
Insertion: Superior borders of rib
Action: Elevates and spreads ribs on exhale - Internal
Origin: Superior border 2-12 ribs
Insertion: Lumbar vertebrae, cartilage of ribs 7-10 and 11-12
Action: Contracts and flatten on inhale
Where are the lungs located (rib wise)
1st- 6th/7th rib
How many litres of air do the lungs contain?
1
When at rest, how much air flows in/out respiratory passage? and what is this called?
500ml - Tidal volume
What’s the average respiratory rate?
12 breaths a minute
How do we work out ventilation?
Tidal volume x Breaths per minute
How do we work out total lung capacity and what is the average?
Residual volume + Vital capacity
Average: 6L
What is our breathing rate controlled by?
RespirotRy centres in brain respond to changes in blood concentration - CO2 levels
How does oxygen enter the blood strewn/CO2 exit (internal)?
At the respiratory membrane (where alveolar and capillary walls meet) gases move across memberane.
Blood is oxygenated and co2 is removed.
What has a thin wall (1 cell thick) so gassed can diffuse?
Alveoli and capillaries
Describe blood flow
- Pulmonary
- Systemic
1. Pulmonary (blood from heart to lungs) From body Right atrium Right Venteicle Pulmonary arteries Alcoholic Pulmonary veins Left atrium Left ventricle To body
2. Systemic (blood from heart to rest of body) Left atrium Left ventricle Aorta Body tissues Vanae Cavae Right Atrium Right ventricle
Which atrium recurved the deoxygenated blood from the body and through which valve?
Right atrium recieves deoxygenated through vanae cavae
Which valve pushes blood to the lungs for oxygenisation?
Semilunar (pulmonary)
What is the role of bloody?
4
- Transports nutrients, horemones, enzymes, waste
- Regulates body temp and pH levels
- Prevents fluid loss as clotting
Protects against foreign microbes and toxins
What makes up the blood %
Plasma 55%
Erythrocytes (RBC) 45%
Leukocytes (WBCs) and platlets <1%
What’s the differences between RBCs and WBCs?
RBC- Transport oxygen to tissue, 240 million in drop of blood, contains haemoglobin
WBC - Defence system for immune system, fewer in quantity, transparent
What is blood pressure and how is it measured?
Pressure exerted by blood ok the walls of the arteries to keep the blood circulating
Use sphygmomanometer at brachial artery above elbow joint
Why are the 2 different blood pressure readings and what do they mean, what’s a normal range?
Systolic - pressure exerted when blood forced out left ventricle into the aorta
(110-130 normal)
Diastolic - pressure exerted in arteries when left ventricle is relaxed
(70-90 normal)
Where is blood flow at rest % and how does it differ with exercise?
Bone marrow 5% Brain 18% Heart 5% Liver 26% Kidneys 20% Muscles 20% Skin 7%
Exercise: Muscles 87%
What process causes blood to flow to muscles during exercise?
Vasodilation and vasoconstriction (blood vessels increasing and decreasing in size) to close down areas and divert flow to muscles.
What is
Cardiac output (Q)
Stroke volume
Cardiac output: blood ejected from left ventricle into aorta per minute
Stroke volume: multiply blood pumped during each heartbeat
Q=SV x HR
Arteries carry blood from ___ to ___
Veins carry blood from ___ to ___
Artistries - heart to other parts
Veins - from other parts to heart
Describe difference between arteries and veins blood pressure/thickness/position
Artistries has stronger thicker walls with elastic tissue. Higher blood pressure.
Veins are thinner with larger hollows, they are more superficial position
What do the cappalieries do?
Connect arteriolies to venules
Short term effects of exercise (10)
- Heart rate
- Blood flow
- Oxygen uptake
- Cardiac output
- Stroke volume
- Breathing rate
- Muscle temp
- Body temp
- Lactic acid
…increase - Dilation of blood vessels
Long term effects exercise (13)
- Lung efficiency
- Gaseous exchange
- Size smooth muscle tissue
- Miteochonsira
- Cappilrisation
- Blood flow
- Transport oxygen and remove waste
- Cardiac output
- Stroke volume
…increase - RHR
- Risk of hypertension
- Risk of CHD
…decrease - Stronger heart
What is VO2 Max?
Maximum amount of oxygen via respiratory system, circulated to working muscles via cardiovascular, used to make ATP via muscular system.
What is guidelines for heart rate intensity?
55-90%
How can you measure sub-max aerobic fitness?
Work 60-90 secs ask borg rating and note number.
Every 90 increase effort u til RPE 13 - this is how they should feel in warm up.
What do you get if you multiple the borg rating?
Heart rate approx.
What RPE should we be at
Pulse raiser Movement prep Workout Lower Tissue restoration
Pulse raiser - up to 13 Movement prep - 13-15 Main - 15-20 Pulse lower - lower to 8 Tissue restore - up to 8
