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Fitness Instructor > 13. Energy > Flashcards

13. Energy Flashcards

1
Q

What is a calorie?

A

A measure of energy in the form of heat.

  • 1 calorie is the energy/heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1oc.
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2
Q

What energy substance is used to drive a muscle contraction?

A

Adenosine Triphospate (ATP)

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3
Q

What molecules is ATP made up of?

A

1x adenosine
1x ribose
3x phosphate

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4
Q

Where does ATP store energy within its molecule/?

A

In the bonds between the phosphate groups

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5
Q

When a muscle contracts what happens to ATP?

A

It becomes ADP by releasing energy (-12kcal in vivo)

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6
Q

Which aids the breaking down of the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups?

A

ATPase

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7
Q

What happens to the free phosphate ion after hydrolysis?

A

Usually transferred to another molecule

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8
Q

What does ADP become when the first and second phosphate groups are broken?

A

ADP becomes adenosine monophosphate (AMP)

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9
Q

How many times is an ATP molecule recycled in a day?

A

2,000-3,000 times

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10
Q

What is respiration?

A

Chemical process where organic compounds (carbs and fats) release energy

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11
Q

What are the 2 anaerobic respiration systems used to restore ATP?

A

Creating phosphate

Lactic acid

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12
Q

Where does aerobic / anaerobic respiration occur?

A

Aerobic: Mitrochondria
Anaerobic: Cytoplasm

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13
Q

What:

  1. happens to the glucose
  2. is the ATP Yield
  3. else does it produce

..in Aerobic/anaerobic respiration

A

Aerobic:

  1. Complete oxidation of glucose
  2. High ATP yield
  3. CO2 and Water

Anerobic:

  1. Glycolysis of glucose (not fully broken)
  2. Low ATP yield
  3. Lactic acid
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14
Q

Which substrate is used in the

  1. Creating phosphate system (anaerobic)
  2. Lactic Acid system (anaerobic)
  3. Aerobic system
A
  1. CP - creative phosphte
  2. Lactic acid - Glucose
  3. Aerobic - Glucose, fatty acids, amino acids
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15
Q

How does creating phosphte turn ADP into ATP?

A

By donating it’s phosphte group

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16
Q

How long would it take to replenish 50% and 100% of your creating phosphate stores?

A 
50% = 30 seconds
100% = 2-3 minutes
17
Q

When high intensity, short duration muscle contraction is required which system supplies the energy?

A

The creatine phosphate system

18
Q

Where can creatine phosphte be obtained from?

A

Meat

Internal production by liver and kidneys

19
Q

Glucose is broken down to create puruvic acid, where does it go to do this?

A

Either

  1. The mitochondria for slow ATP by aerobic respiration.
  2. Concerted to lactic acid to allow ATP to be synthesised.
20
Q

From lactic acid we create pyruvic acid and ATP, but we also create ________ what does this mean?

A

Also create acidic hydrogen ions which causes acidic state - the reason lactic acid is wrongly blamed for fatigue

21
Q

For high intensity exercises for a longer period, which system is used?

A

Lactate system

22
Q

If the need for energy is high/fast and sufficient oxygen can not be provided, what happens (in lactate system)?

A

Pericardium is converted into lactic acid and hydrogen ions

23
Q

Which system produces the largest amount of ATP and what are its downfalls?

A

Aerobic system, however is a slower process and takes longer to start

24
Q

After glycolysis has occurred and pyruvic acid is produced, what happens?

A

The kerbs cycle (series of chemical reactions) breaks down pyruvic acid and continues production of ATP.

25
Q

What new molecule does pyruvate become in the aerobic system?

A

Acetyl CoA

26
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced from each system?

A
  1. CP = 1x ATP (by contributing 1x CP molecule)
  2. Anaerobic = 2x ATP (from each glucose molecule through glycolysis)
  3. Aerobic = 36-38 ATP (from each glucose molecule)
27
Q

What 3 factor determine the energy system used?

A
  1. How quick is ATP needed? - intensity below/above 75% MHR
  2. How much/long ATP? - duration below/above 2 minutes
  3. Availability of substrates to support the system - CP can sustain 3-15 seconds
    Glycogen 2 hours moderate intensity
    Fat can sustain longer than can exercise for
28
Q

Which system would be used for

  1. short duration 6-10 secs
  2. high intensity 10-90 secs
  3. 1 min-3+ hours
A
  1. CP 6-10 seconds
  2. Lactate 10-90 seconds
  3. Aerobic 1 min-3 hours
29
Q

What is power?

A

Sum of the maximal speed at which ATP can be replenished and made available

30
Q

What is capacity?

A

how much ATP can be provided

31
Q

When the body can’t supply sufficient oxygen anymore, which system is used for energy production and what is this state called?

A

Lactate system takes over

Called the Anaerobic threshold

32
Q

What happens when the anaerobic threshold approaches?

A

Anaerobic system makes up for the shortfall of the aerobic pathways that can’t keep up.

Carbon dioxide production is raised and must be removed so ventilation rates increase.

33
Q

How is anaerobic threshold expressed?

A

Maximum heart rate and VO2 max

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