6 - Axial Muscles (complete) Flashcards by Brock rose

what are the three parts of the epicranius

the frontal belly of the occipitalfrontalis
the galea aponeurotica
the occipital belly of the occipitalfrontalis

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What are the muscles that surround the ear

auricularis anteriorior
Auricularis superior
Auricularis posterior
temporoparietalis
occipital belly of occipitofrontalis

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Which Muscles of facial expression aren’t innervated by CN VII, and which nerve innervates them

levator palpabrae superioris (Occulomotor nerve CN III)

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is the buccinator a muscle of mastication

no, but it does help in chewing by keeping the bolus of food against the teeth during mastication (compresses the cheeks)

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what nerve innervates the buccinator

CN vII

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What is the origin/insertion of the buccinator

O: Alveolar processes of Maxilla and Mandible and pterygomandibular raphe
I: Blends into fibers of orbicularis oris

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What is the pterygomandibular raphe

a linear-cord like connective tissue ligament that runs from the pterygoid hamulus to the mandible, immediately posterior to third molar

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What attaches to the pterygomandibular raphe

the buccinator and superior pharyngeal constrictor

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What are the muscles of mastication

Masseter
temporalis
medial pterygoid
lateral pterygoid

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What are the origins and insertions of the two different heads of the lateral pterygoid

Superior head
O: lateral portion of the greater wing of sphednoid
I: Articular disk and capsule of TMJ

Inferior head
O: Lateral surface of pterygoid plate
I: superiomedial surface of the ramus of the mandible and the condylar process

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What are the actions of the lateral pterygoids

bilateral
- protrudes mandible, pulls disk forward, depresses mandible

Unilateral
- Excusion (lateral movements), moves away from active side

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What is the only muscle of mastication that doesn’t elevate the mandible

lateral pterygoid

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What innervates the lateral pterygoid

the lateral pterygoid nerve, from the mandibular nerve (which is CN V3)

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What passes between the heads of the lateral pterygoid

the buccal branch of CNV

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What are the two heads of the medial pterygoid called

superficial (external) and deep (internal)

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What are the Origins and insertions of the two heads of the medial pterygoid

Superficial
O: Maxillary tuberosity
I: Medial surface of ramus and angle of the mandible

Deep
O: medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate, lateral surface of medial pterygoid plate, and the pterygoid fossa
I: Medial surface of ramus and angle of the mandible

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What are the actions of the medial pterygoid

Bilateral
Elevates and protrudes the mandible
Unilateral
lateral excursive movements (away from working side)

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What innervates the medial pterygoid

Medial pterygoid nerve a branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3)

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What is the deepest muscle of mastication

the medial pterygoid

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What are the portions of the temporalis muscle

anterior (vertical fibers)
middle ( oblique fibers)
posterior portion (horizontal fibers)

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What is the origin/insertion of the temporalis

O: inferior temporal line of the temporal fossa and the temporal fascia
I: coronoid process of mandible and the anterior border of the ramus

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how does the temporalis pass in relation to the zygomatic arch

it travels under the zygomatic arch

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What are the actions of the temporalis

Bilateral
Anterior portion - elevate mandible
middle portion  - retrude mandible
posterior portion - retrude mandible
Unilateral
lateral excursive movements

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What nerve innervates the temporalis

Deep temporal nerve, a branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3)

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What is the main postural muscle of the muscles of mastication

temporalis

What are the heads of the masseter

superficial (larger, with down and back fibers) | deep (smaller and vertical fibers)

What are the Origins and Insertions of the heads of the masster

Superior head O: anterior 2/3 of zygomatic arch I: angle and ramus of mandible Deep head O: posterior 1/3 of zygomatic arch I: mandibular ramus and coronoid process

What are the actions of the masseter

bilateral elevate and protrude mandible (protrude = superficial head) Unilateral Lateral excursive movements

What is the innervation of the masseter

masseteric nerve, a branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3)

What are the three things that pass superficial to the masster

parotid duct transverse facial artery branches of CN VII

What is the Origin, Insertion, Action, and Innervation of the sternocleidomastoid

``` O: manubrium and clavicle I: Mastoid region of the skull A: Bilateral = flex the neck Unilateral = head tilts to ipsilateral side, face rotates to contralateral side Innervation = CN XI and C2-C3 ```

What are the three scalene muscles, what are their attachements, what is their action, and what is their innervation

Anterior, middle, and posterior scalene They attach to the transverse processes of C2-C7 and to the first two ribs They elevate the ribs or flex the neck They are innervated by C4-C6

What passes between the anterior and middle scalene

subclavian artery and brachial plexus

What passes anterior to the anterior scalene

suclavian vein and the phrenic nerve

What are the suprahyoid muscles

digastric stylohyoid Myohyoid Geniohyoid

What is the Origin, Insertion, Action, and innervation of Digastric

``` O: Anterior belly = deep side of inferior border of mandible Posterior belly = mastoid notch I: hyoid bone A: elevates hyoid during swallowing innervation: Anterior belly = CN V3 Posterior Belly = CN VII ```

What is the Origin, Insertion, Action, and innervation of stylohyoid

O: Styloid process I: hyoid bone A: elevates hyoid during swallowing Innervation: CN VII

What is the Origin, Insertion, Action, and innervation of mylohyoid

O: mylohyoid line of mandible I: Hyoid bone A: tightens and elevates the oral floor, draws hyoid foreward during swallowing, moves mandible side to side Innervation: CN V3

What is the Origin, Insertion, Action, and innervation of Geniohyoid

O: Inferior mental spine I: hyoid bone A: draws hyoid forward during swallowing Innervation: C1 via XII

What makes up the floor of the oral cavity

tongue geniohyoid mylohyiod

What are the infrahyoid muscles

omohyoid sternohyoid sternothyroid thyrohyoid

What is the Origin, Insertion, Action, and innervation of omohyoid

O - superior border of scapula I - hyoid A - depresses hyoid at the end of swallowing Innervation - Ansa cervicalis

What is the Origin, Insertion, Action, and innervation of sternohyoid

O - Manubrium I - hyoid A - depresses hyoid at the end of swallowing Innervation - ansa cervicalis

What is the Origin, Insertion, Action, and innervation of Thyrohyoid

O - manubrium I - thyroid cartilage A - depresses thyroid cartilage Innervation - Ansa Cervicalis

What is the Origin, Insertion, Action, and innervation of Thyrohyoid

O - thyroid cartilage I - hyoid A - depresses hyoid at the end of swallowing Innervation - C1 via XII

What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue

Palatoglossus Hyoglossus Genioglossus Styloglossus

What is the innervation for the extrinsic muscles of the tongue

Palatoglossus is X | Hyoglossus, genioglossus, and styloglossus are XII

What is the Origin, Insertion, Action, and innervation of genioglossus

O - superior mental spine I - body of tongue and hyoid A - protracts tongue and depresses the center of the tongue Innervation - XII

What happens when one side of the genioglossus is paralyzed

the tongue moves to the injured side

What is the Origin, Insertion, Action, and innervation of Hyoglossus

O - greater horn of hyoid I - lateral tongue A - depress tongue Innervation - XII

What is the Origin, Insertion, Action, and innervation of Palatoglossus

O - anterior surface of soft palate I - Lateral tongue A - elevate tongue, depress soft palate, moves palatoglossal fold toward the midline Innervation - X

What is the Origin, Insertion, Action, and innervation of Styloglossus

O - styloid process I - lateral tongue A - elevate and retract tongue Innervation - XII

What are the three pharynx constrictors and what nerve innervates them?

Superior constrictor, middle constrictor, inferior constrictor all innervated by CN X

What are the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx and what nerve innervates them?

palatopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus these two are innervated by CN X stylopharyngeus innervated by CN IX

What are the muscles of the soft palate, and what nerve innervates them?

``` Levator veli palatini musculus uvulae palatopharyngeus palatoglosssus Above innervated by CN X Tensor veli palatini is the only one innervated by CN V3 ```

What are the 4 suboccipital muscles

rectus capitis posterior minor rectus capitits posterior major obliquus capitis inferior obliquus capitis superior

What are the two posterior neck muscles

splenius capitis | splenius cervicis

What are the three parts of erector spinae from deep to superficial

spinalis longissimus iliocostalis

What are the two deepest muscles of the vertebral column.

semispinalis (superior) | multifidus (inferior)

What is the action of the muscles of the vertebral column and what is their innervation

Extend vertebral column | innervated by spinal nerves

What are the muscles that flex the vertebral column

longus capitis longus coli quadratus lumborum

What is the function of external and internal intercostals

external intercostals - elevate ribs | internal intercostals - depress ribs

What are the deepest "intercostal/thoracic muscles"

innermost intercostals transversus thoracis subcostals