6 - Axial Muscles (complete) Flashcards
what are the three parts of the epicranius
- the frontal belly of the occipitalfrontalis
- the galea aponeurotica
- the occipital belly of the occipitalfrontalis
What are the muscles that surround the ear
auricularis anteriorior Auricularis superior Auricularis posterior temporoparietalis occipital belly of occipitofrontalis
Which Muscles of facial expression aren’t innervated by CN VII, and which nerve innervates them
levator palpabrae superioris (Occulomotor nerve CN III)
is the buccinator a muscle of mastication
no, but it does help in chewing by keeping the bolus of food against the teeth during mastication (compresses the cheeks)
what nerve innervates the buccinator
CN vII
What is the origin/insertion of the buccinator
O: Alveolar processes of Maxilla and Mandible and pterygomandibular raphe
I: Blends into fibers of orbicularis oris
What is the pterygomandibular raphe
a linear-cord like connective tissue ligament that runs from the pterygoid hamulus to the mandible, immediately posterior to third molar
What attaches to the pterygomandibular raphe
the buccinator and superior pharyngeal constrictor
What are the muscles of mastication
Masseter
temporalis
medial pterygoid
lateral pterygoid
What are the origins and insertions of the two different heads of the lateral pterygoid
Superior head
O: lateral portion of the greater wing of sphednoid
I: Articular disk and capsule of TMJ
Inferior head
O: Lateral surface of pterygoid plate
I: superiomedial surface of the ramus of the mandible and the condylar process
What are the actions of the lateral pterygoids
bilateral
- protrudes mandible, pulls disk forward, depresses mandible
Unilateral
- Excusion (lateral movements), moves away from active side
What is the only muscle of mastication that doesn’t elevate the mandible
lateral pterygoid
What innervates the lateral pterygoid
the lateral pterygoid nerve, from the mandibular nerve (which is CN V3)
What passes between the heads of the lateral pterygoid
the buccal branch of CNV
What are the two heads of the medial pterygoid called
superficial (external) and deep (internal)
What are the Origins and insertions of the two heads of the medial pterygoid
Superficial
O: Maxillary tuberosity
I: Medial surface of ramus and angle of the mandible
Deep
O: medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate, lateral surface of medial pterygoid plate, and the pterygoid fossa
I: Medial surface of ramus and angle of the mandible
What are the actions of the medial pterygoid
Bilateral
Elevates and protrudes the mandible
Unilateral
lateral excursive movements (away from working side)
What innervates the medial pterygoid
Medial pterygoid nerve a branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3)
What is the deepest muscle of mastication
the medial pterygoid
What are the portions of the temporalis muscle
anterior (vertical fibers)
middle ( oblique fibers)
posterior portion (horizontal fibers)
What is the origin/insertion of the temporalis
O: inferior temporal line of the temporal fossa and the temporal fascia
I: coronoid process of mandible and the anterior border of the ramus
how does the temporalis pass in relation to the zygomatic arch
it travels under the zygomatic arch
What are the actions of the temporalis
Bilateral Anterior portion - elevate mandible middle portion - retrude mandible posterior portion - retrude mandible Unilateral lateral excursive movements
What nerve innervates the temporalis
Deep temporal nerve, a branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3)
What is the main postural muscle of the muscles of mastication
temporalis
What are the heads of the masseter
superficial (larger, with down and back fibers)
deep (smaller and vertical fibers)
What are the Origins and Insertions of the heads of the masster
Superior head
O: anterior 2/3 of zygomatic arch
I: angle and ramus of mandible
Deep head
O: posterior 1/3 of zygomatic arch
I: mandibular ramus and coronoid process
What are the actions of the masseter
bilateral
elevate and protrude mandible (protrude = superficial head)
Unilateral
Lateral excursive movements
What is the innervation of the masseter
masseteric nerve, a branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3)
What are the three things that pass superficial to the masster
parotid duct
transverse facial artery
branches of CN VII
What is the Origin, Insertion, Action, and Innervation of the sternocleidomastoid
O: manubrium and clavicle I: Mastoid region of the skull A: Bilateral = flex the neck Unilateral = head tilts to ipsilateral side, face rotates to contralateral side Innervation = CN XI and C2-C3
What are the three scalene muscles, what are their attachements, what is their action, and what is their innervation
Anterior, middle, and posterior scalene
They attach to the transverse processes of C2-C7 and to the first two ribs
They elevate the ribs or flex the neck
They are innervated by C4-C6
What passes between the anterior and middle scalene
subclavian artery and brachial plexus
What passes anterior to the anterior scalene
suclavian vein and the phrenic nerve
What are the suprahyoid muscles
digastric
stylohyoid
Myohyoid
Geniohyoid
What is the Origin, Insertion, Action, and innervation of Digastric
O: Anterior belly = deep side of inferior border of mandible Posterior belly = mastoid notch I: hyoid bone A: elevates hyoid during swallowing innervation: Anterior belly = CN V3 Posterior Belly = CN VII
What is the Origin, Insertion, Action, and innervation of stylohyoid
O: Styloid process
I: hyoid bone
A: elevates hyoid during swallowing
Innervation: CN VII
What is the Origin, Insertion, Action, and innervation of mylohyoid
O: mylohyoid line of mandible
I: Hyoid bone
A: tightens and elevates the oral floor, draws hyoid foreward during swallowing, moves mandible side to side
Innervation: CN V3
What is the Origin, Insertion, Action, and innervation of Geniohyoid
O: Inferior mental spine
I: hyoid bone
A: draws hyoid forward during swallowing
Innervation: C1 via XII
What makes up the floor of the oral cavity
tongue
geniohyoid
mylohyiod
What are the infrahyoid muscles
omohyoid
sternohyoid
sternothyroid
thyrohyoid
What is the Origin, Insertion, Action, and innervation of omohyoid
O - superior border of scapula
I - hyoid
A - depresses hyoid at the end of swallowing
Innervation - Ansa cervicalis
What is the Origin, Insertion, Action, and innervation of sternohyoid
O - Manubrium
I - hyoid
A - depresses hyoid at the end of swallowing
Innervation - ansa cervicalis
What is the Origin, Insertion, Action, and innervation of Thyrohyoid
O - manubrium
I - thyroid cartilage
A - depresses thyroid cartilage
Innervation - Ansa Cervicalis
What is the Origin, Insertion, Action, and innervation of Thyrohyoid
O - thyroid cartilage
I - hyoid
A - depresses hyoid at the end of swallowing
Innervation - C1 via XII
What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue
Palatoglossus
Hyoglossus
Genioglossus
Styloglossus
What is the innervation for the extrinsic muscles of the tongue
Palatoglossus is X
Hyoglossus, genioglossus, and styloglossus are XII
What is the Origin, Insertion, Action, and innervation of genioglossus
O - superior mental spine
I - body of tongue and hyoid
A - protracts tongue and depresses the center of the tongue
Innervation - XII
What happens when one side of the genioglossus is paralyzed
the tongue moves to the injured side
What is the Origin, Insertion, Action, and innervation of Hyoglossus
O - greater horn of hyoid
I - lateral tongue
A - depress tongue
Innervation - XII
What is the Origin, Insertion, Action, and innervation of Palatoglossus
O - anterior surface of soft palate
I - Lateral tongue
A - elevate tongue, depress soft palate, moves palatoglossal fold toward the midline
Innervation - X
What is the Origin, Insertion, Action, and innervation of Styloglossus
O - styloid process
I - lateral tongue
A - elevate and retract tongue
Innervation - XII
What are the three pharynx constrictors and what nerve innervates them?
Superior constrictor, middle constrictor, inferior constrictor
all innervated by CN X
What are the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx and what nerve innervates them?
palatopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus
these two are innervated by CN X
stylopharyngeus
innervated by CN IX
What are the muscles of the soft palate, and what nerve innervates them?
Levator veli palatini musculus uvulae palatopharyngeus palatoglosssus Above innervated by CN X Tensor veli palatini is the only one innervated by CN V3
What are the 4 suboccipital muscles
rectus capitis posterior minor
rectus capitits posterior major
obliquus capitis inferior
obliquus capitis superior
What are the two posterior neck muscles
splenius capitis
splenius cervicis
What are the three parts of erector spinae from deep to superficial
spinalis
longissimus
iliocostalis
What are the two deepest muscles of the vertebral column.
semispinalis (superior)
multifidus (inferior)
What is the action of the muscles of the vertebral column and what is their innervation
Extend vertebral column
innervated by spinal nerves
What are the muscles that flex the vertebral column
longus capitis
longus coli
quadratus lumborum
What is the function of external and internal intercostals
external intercostals - elevate ribs
internal intercostals - depress ribs
What are the deepest “intercostal/thoracic muscles”
innermost intercostals
transversus thoracis
subcostals
