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Psych101 > 6-9 > Flashcards

6-9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general definition of learning?

A

Any relatively durable change in behaviour or knowledge due to experience

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2
Q

What specific type of learning is referred to as conditioning?

A

Learning connections between events that occur in an organism’s environment

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3
Q

Define classical conditioning.

A

A type of learning where a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus

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4
Q

Who first described classical conditioning?

A

Ivan Pavlov

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5
Q

What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

A

A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning

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6
Q

What is an unconditioned response (UCR)?

A

An unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning

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7
Q

What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?

A

A previously neutral stimulus that now evokes a conditioned response due to conditioning

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8
Q

What is a conditioned response (CR)?

A

A learned response to a conditioned stimulus due to conditioning

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9
Q

Differentiate between unconditioned association and conditioned association.

A

Unconditioned association is natural and unlearned, while conditioned association is established through pairing

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10
Q

What does Thorndike’s law of effect state?

A

When a response to a stimulus is associated with satisfying effects, the response is more likely to be repeated in that context

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11
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

A form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences

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12
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers?

A

Primary reinforcers satisfy biological needs; secondary reinforcers acquire reinforcing qualities through association with primary reinforcers

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13
Q

What is the process of acquisition in conditioning?

A

The initial stage of learning

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14
Q

What is extinction in classical conditioning?

A

The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency

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15
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

The reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus

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16
Q

What is the renewal effect in conditioning?

A

If acquisition occurs in one context and extinction in another, the responding will reappear when placed back in the original context

17
Q

Define stimulus generalization.

A

When conditioning generalizes to stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus used to develop the conditioning

18
Q

Define stimulus discrimination.

A

When an organism learns a response to a specific stimulus and does not respond the same way to new stimuli that are similar

19
Q

What is continuous reinforcement?

A

When every single time a response is provided it is reinforced

20
Q

What is intermittent reinforcement?

A

When a specific response is reinforced only some of the times it occurs

21
Q

What is a fixed-ratio schedule?

A

The reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses

22
Q

What is a variable-ratio schedule?

A

The reinforcer is given after a number of nonreinforced responses that varies around a predetermined average

23
Q

What is a fixed-interval schedule?

A

The reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed

24
Q

What is a variable-interval schedule?

A

The reinforcer is given for the first response after a length of time has elapsed that varies around a predetermined average

25
Q

What are the two types of reinforcement?

A
  • Positive reinforcement
  • Negative reinforcement
26
Q

Define escape learning.

A

A responding pattern develops because it stops an unpleasant experience

27
Q

Define avoidance learning.

A

A responding pattern develops because it prevents an unpleasant experience from happening

28
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

The presentation of an aversive stimulus aimed at reducing a particular response

29
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

The removal of a rewarding stimulus aimed at reducing a particular response

30
Q

What is observational learning?

A

How an organism responds is influenced by observing others

31
Q

Who is a significant theorist in observational learning?

A

Albert Bandura

32
Q

What are the four key processes in observational learning?

A
  • Attention
  • Retention
  • Reproduction
  • Motivation

Psych101 (3 decks)

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