6-9 Flashcards
What is the general definition of learning?
Any relatively durable change in behaviour or knowledge due to experience
What specific type of learning is referred to as conditioning?
Learning connections between events that occur in an organism’s environment
Define classical conditioning.
A type of learning where a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus
Who first described classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning
What is an unconditioned response (UCR)?
An unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning
What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?
A previously neutral stimulus that now evokes a conditioned response due to conditioning
What is a conditioned response (CR)?
A learned response to a conditioned stimulus due to conditioning
Differentiate between unconditioned association and conditioned association.
Unconditioned association is natural and unlearned, while conditioned association is established through pairing
What does Thorndike’s law of effect state?
When a response to a stimulus is associated with satisfying effects, the response is more likely to be repeated in that context
What is operant conditioning?
A form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences
What is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers?
Primary reinforcers satisfy biological needs; secondary reinforcers acquire reinforcing qualities through association with primary reinforcers
What is the process of acquisition in conditioning?
The initial stage of learning
What is extinction in classical conditioning?
The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency
What is spontaneous recovery?
The reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus
What is the renewal effect in conditioning?
If acquisition occurs in one context and extinction in another, the responding will reappear when placed back in the original context
Define stimulus generalization.
When conditioning generalizes to stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus used to develop the conditioning
Define stimulus discrimination.
When an organism learns a response to a specific stimulus and does not respond the same way to new stimuli that are similar
What is continuous reinforcement?
When every single time a response is provided it is reinforced
What is intermittent reinforcement?
When a specific response is reinforced only some of the times it occurs
What is a fixed-ratio schedule?
The reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses
What is a variable-ratio schedule?
The reinforcer is given after a number of nonreinforced responses that varies around a predetermined average
What is a fixed-interval schedule?
The reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed
What is a variable-interval schedule?
The reinforcer is given for the first response after a length of time has elapsed that varies around a predetermined average
What are the two types of reinforcement?
- Positive reinforcement
- Negative reinforcement
Define escape learning.
A responding pattern develops because it stops an unpleasant experience
Define avoidance learning.
A responding pattern develops because it prevents an unpleasant experience from happening
What is positive punishment?
The presentation of an aversive stimulus aimed at reducing a particular response
What is negative punishment?
The removal of a rewarding stimulus aimed at reducing a particular response
What is observational learning?
How an organism responds is influenced by observing others
Who is a significant theorist in observational learning?
Albert Bandura
What are the four key processes in observational learning?
- Attention
- Retention
- Reproduction
- Motivation
What is Learning
a relatively durable change in behaviour or knowledge do to experience
mostly done on animals befor
what is conditioning
learning connections between events that occur in an organzism enviorment
1 CLASSCIAL = pavllovian
2. OPERANT
Classical Conditioning
stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response thta was orginaly evoked by another
“psychic reflexes” - pavlov referred to them as a trial
UCS UCR CS CR
U - Unconditioned - natural, unlearned assocation
UCS - stimuls that evokes an UCR without prior condiitioning
UCR - unlearned recation to unconditioned stimuls without previous conditioning
C - condidiiton - conneciton link/ paring
CS - previously neutral response
CR - learned response to CS due to conditiongin
CR is usually weaker than
UCR
Operant Conditioning
responses controlled by their consequences. insturmental learning
Thorndikes law of
EFFECT -
when a response has satifying effects the response is more likley to be repeated with a gradual decline in response time. - indicating learning
Princiople of Reinforcement
When something is reinforcing it must have an increase in response time.
Emited vs Elicited
emitted or sent forth voluntarily
elicited by punsihment or negative reinforcement
Skinner box
controls the reinforcement contingencies
- cumlulative recorder
Reinforceer
Primary - sex, food, warmth
secondary - events that acquire meaning and reinforcing characteristics through association with primary reinforcers.
Processes - Conditioning - 1
1 Acquisition -
Classical CS and UCS are paired over time what is called stimuli salience . TIME/SPACE
shaping the reinformenc tof closer and closer approximations of desired response. Shaping GUIDES through REPETITION
Processes - Conditioning - 2
EXTINCTION
classical CS is presented alone until CR doens’t work - Learning to forget as adaptive behavour
operant - once reinfocement is stopped a response stops
Som respones can be challenging to get rid of. in CLASSICAL there can be spontaeous recovery… or in OPERANT we say resistant to Extinction
There can be renewal effect were if acquisition occurs in one context extinction in another is can come back. This as implicaitn in treatedmtn of phobias and extinction therapy
Processes - Conditioning - 3
STIMULUS Gernalization
classical
CR is elicited by a new stimuls that resemble the first ** little albert**
operant
when a new stimuls resmebres the old can have an increasing rate….. can be quantifiied by a generalization rate.
Processes - Conditioning - 4
Stimulus Discrimination
CLASSICAL
CR is not elicted by resemblihg CS
OPERANT
Response doesn’t increase
OPERANT timing
a immediate reinforcement makes an effect more likely to happen. Delay means it will take longer
Schedules of Reinforcement in OC
ratio - number of times
FIXED-RATIO and VARIABLE-RATIO (hacks dopemine)
FIXED-INTERVAL and VARIABLE-INTERVAL
Types of ReINFORCEMENT
POsitive - somethign rewarding - buying a video game
NEGative - removal of soemthing unpleasant
Escape and AVOIDANCE
-Escape ends negative experience
- Avoidance prevent unpleasant from happening
TYPES of Punishment
POSTITVE - presentation of averisve stiumlus
NEGative - removal of rewarding stimulus
Observational Learning
infulued by observing MODELs (others)
Albert Bandura
ob learning
argues reinforcement increases likilihood a response is performed (vs learned)
- Attetion
2Retention - Reproduction (being able to reproducer)
4 Motivation (you must be motivated to produce the response)
