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Psych101 > 6-9 > Flashcards

6-9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general definition of learning?

A

Any relatively durable change in behaviour or knowledge due to experience

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2
Q

What specific type of learning is referred to as conditioning?

A

Learning connections between events that occur in an organism’s environment

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3
Q

Define classical conditioning.

A

A type of learning where a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus

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4
Q

Who first described classical conditioning?

A

Ivan Pavlov

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5
Q

What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

A

A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning

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6
Q

What is an unconditioned response (UCR)?

A

An unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning

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7
Q

What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?

A

A previously neutral stimulus that now evokes a conditioned response due to conditioning

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8
Q

What is a conditioned response (CR)?

A

A learned response to a conditioned stimulus due to conditioning

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9
Q

Differentiate between unconditioned association and conditioned association.

A

Unconditioned association is natural and unlearned, while conditioned association is established through pairing

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10
Q

What does Thorndike’s law of effect state?

A

When a response to a stimulus is associated with satisfying effects, the response is more likely to be repeated in that context

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11
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

A form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences

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12
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers?

A

Primary reinforcers satisfy biological needs; secondary reinforcers acquire reinforcing qualities through association with primary reinforcers

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13
Q

What is the process of acquisition in conditioning?

A

The initial stage of learning

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14
Q

What is extinction in classical conditioning?

A

The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency

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15
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

The reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus

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16
Q

What is the renewal effect in conditioning?

A

If acquisition occurs in one context and extinction in another, the responding will reappear when placed back in the original context

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17
Q

Define stimulus generalization.

A

When conditioning generalizes to stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus used to develop the conditioning

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18
Q

Define stimulus discrimination.

A

When an organism learns a response to a specific stimulus and does not respond the same way to new stimuli that are similar

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19
Q

What is continuous reinforcement?

A

When every single time a response is provided it is reinforced

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20
Q

What is intermittent reinforcement?

A

When a specific response is reinforced only some of the times it occurs

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21
Q

What is a fixed-ratio schedule?

A

The reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses

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22
Q

What is a variable-ratio schedule?

A

The reinforcer is given after a number of nonreinforced responses that varies around a predetermined average

23
Q

What is a fixed-interval schedule?

A

The reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed

24
Q

What is a variable-interval schedule?

A

The reinforcer is given for the first response after a length of time has elapsed that varies around a predetermined average

25
Q

What are the two types of reinforcement?

A
  • Positive reinforcement
  • Negative reinforcement
26
Q

Define escape learning.

A

A responding pattern develops because it stops an unpleasant experience

27
Q

Define avoidance learning.

A

A responding pattern develops because it prevents an unpleasant experience from happening

28
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

The presentation of an aversive stimulus aimed at reducing a particular response

29
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

The removal of a rewarding stimulus aimed at reducing a particular response

30
Q

What is observational learning?

A

How an organism responds is influenced by observing others

31
Q

Who is a significant theorist in observational learning?

A

Albert Bandura

32
Q

What are the four key processes in observational learning?

A
  • Attention
  • Retention
  • Reproduction
  • Motivation
33
Q

What is Learning

A

a relatively durable change in behaviour or knowledge do to experience

mostly done on animals befor

34
Q

what is conditioning

A

learning connections between events that occur in an organzism enviorment

1 CLASSCIAL = pavllovian
2. OPERANT

35
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response thta was orginaly evoked by another

“psychic reflexes” - pavlov referred to them as a trial

36
Q

UCS UCR CS CR

A

U - Unconditioned - natural, unlearned assocation

UCS - stimuls that evokes an UCR without prior condiitioning

UCR - unlearned recation to unconditioned stimuls without previous conditioning

C - condidiiton - conneciton link/ paring

CS - previously neutral response

CR - learned response to CS due to conditiongin

37
Q

CR is usually weaker than

A

UCR

38
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

responses controlled by their consequences. insturmental learning

39
Q

Thorndikes law of

A

EFFECT -
when a response has satifying effects the response is more likley to be repeated with a gradual decline in response time. - indicating learning

40
Q

Princiople of Reinforcement

A

When something is reinforcing it must have an increase in response time.

41
Q

Emited vs Elicited

A

emitted or sent forth voluntarily

elicited by punsihment or negative reinforcement

42
Q

Skinner box

A

controls the reinforcement contingencies

  • cumlulative recorder
43
Q

Reinforceer

A

Primary - sex, food, warmth

secondary - events that acquire meaning and reinforcing characteristics through association with primary reinforcers.

44
Q

Processes - Conditioning - 1

A

1 Acquisition -
Classical CS and UCS are paired over time what is called stimuli salience . TIME/SPACE

shaping the reinformenc tof closer and closer approximations of desired response. Shaping GUIDES through REPETITION

45
Q

Processes - Conditioning - 2

A

EXTINCTION
classical CS is presented alone until CR doens’t work - Learning to forget as adaptive behavour

operant - once reinfocement is stopped a response stops

Som respones can be challenging to get rid of. in CLASSICAL there can be spontaeous recovery… or in OPERANT we say resistant to Extinction

There can be renewal effect were if acquisition occurs in one context extinction in another is can come back. This as implicaitn in treatedmtn of phobias and extinction therapy

46
Q

Processes - Conditioning - 3

A

STIMULUS Gernalization
classical
CR is elicited by a new stimuls that resemble the first ** little albert**

operant
when a new stimuls resmebres the old can have an increasing rate….. can be quantifiied by a generalization rate.

47
Q

Processes - Conditioning - 4

A

Stimulus Discrimination
CLASSICAL
CR is not elicted by resemblihg CS

OPERANT
Response doesn’t increase

48
Q

OPERANT timing

A

a immediate reinforcement makes an effect more likely to happen. Delay means it will take longer

49
Q

Schedules of Reinforcement in OC

A

ratio - number of times
FIXED-RATIO and VARIABLE-RATIO (hacks dopemine)

FIXED-INTERVAL and VARIABLE-INTERVAL

50
Q

Types of ReINFORCEMENT

A

POsitive - somethign rewarding - buying a video game

NEGative - removal of soemthing unpleasant

Escape and AVOIDANCE
-Escape ends negative experience
- Avoidance prevent unpleasant from happening

51
Q

TYPES of Punishment

A

POSTITVE - presentation of averisve stiumlus

NEGative - removal of rewarding stimulus

52
Q
A
53
Q

Observational Learning

A

infulued by observing MODELs (others)

Albert Bandura
ob learning
argues reinforcement increases likilihood a response is performed (vs learned)

  1. Attetion
    2Retention
  2. Reproduction (being able to reproducer)
    4 Motivation (you must be motivated to produce the response)

Psych101 (3 decks)

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