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Psych101 > 3-5 > Flashcards

3-5 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell proccesses (neuron sticking out)

A

*Mulitpolar -
*Bipolar - (soma in the middle) found in the retina
*Unipolar - one process in sensory system

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2
Q

Resting potential

A

super costly 50% of briains energy. so almost 15% or 20% of all body engery.

Ion- means charged… NA+ sodium is let in. brief shift in neuron charge that travels downt the axon

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3
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

miminum legth of time after an AP when another Ap can’t start.

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4
Q

Larger Axions

A

faster axions

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5
Q

Sodium pump

A

3 NA+ out, 2K+ in

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6
Q

Overshoot of

A

Hyperpolarziation

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7
Q

synapse receptors

A

like a lock and key

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8
Q

8 steps of synaptic transmisson

A
  1. sythesis of NTs in Soma
  2. transportation and storage in vesicles
    3 release - vesicles fuse wiht cell membrane/nt’s are released
  3. binding - bind to receptors which influence postsynaptic cell
  4. decativeation acetylcholine and be destroyed in synapse so no longer an influence.
    6.autoreceptor actiavation - NT’s bind to recpection of pre synaptic to reg step 1,2,3 Recycle
  5. reuptake
  6. degradation
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9
Q

40 nm 7500 nm hair

A

synapse opening

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10
Q

Graded potential

A

additive. Not all or nothign

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11
Q

Cell assemblies

A

hebbian learning rule - when one regularily simulates the other. this is the basis for learning.

leads to LTP long-term-potentiation = a long lasting increase in excitablity in synapse in specific neural pathways.

LTP is critical to learning.

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12
Q

nerves are

A

bundlesof neurons

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13
Q

Agonist vs Antagonist

A

agonist - MIMICS NT (fits into receptor site)

antagonist - blocks action of NT (nicotine) doesn’t fit. Just binds

15-20 known NT’s at this point.

NT’s can be exicitiory or inhibiatory depending on the receptors thye bind too. (expect GABA) not all synapsies

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14
Q

ACh Acetycholine =

A

released by motor neurons controlling skeletal muslces. - attention -arrousal, nicotine is a agonist and im memory

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15
Q

DA

A

dyregulation - over activity and over all control

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16
Q

NE

A

can be made in the brain, not just adrenal gland. when it si nthe body it is a hormone -

boht NE and EP come from Ldopa snythesis

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17
Q

Seotonin

A

sleep arrousal

SSRI’s block reputake so there’s more seotonin

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18
Q

GABA

A

only inhibatory

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19
Q

endorphines

A

resemble opiate drugs - (endo) inside the body.

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20
Q

A and E

A

Attack - Afferent
Exit - Efferent

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21
Q

Hindbrain

A

Medula = circulation, breathing, muslce, reflexes
pons - sleep, arrousal
cerebellum - makes up 80’s of brains neurons

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22
Q

MidBrain

A

Reticular activating system, also in hindbrain.

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23
Q

Thalmus

A

no Smell. Hypothalmus (regulates) the thalmus controls

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24
Q

1300-1400 grams (3 pounds)

A

brain

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25
Q

glial

A

glue
csf
immunne

Soma means body

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26
Q

-70

A

1/20 the voltage of a flashlight

action potentials (1000 times per second)

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27
Q

Spatial summation / temporal summation

A

spacial at close dendrites - when I bunch Postsynaptic dendrites fires in at once

temporal - when one does over and over again

even for an eyelid to move millions of neurons must fire in unison

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28
Q

Lesioning

A

destorying parts of the brain

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29
Q

ESB

A

electrical stimulation of the brain

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30
Q

CT MRI EEG fMRI PET

A

computerized tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
electroencephalograph
positrong emisson tomography (chemical)
functionMagnetic resonance imaging

TRANScranila magnetic stimulation TMS

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31
Q

Medial forebrain bundle
primary somatosensory cortex (sulcus)
primary motor cortex
Mirror nuerons

A
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32
Q

Wernicke Broca

A

broca speech
wernicke - understanding

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33
Q

Sensation vs Perception

A

Sensation : stimulation of sense organs

Percetions : interpretation, organization of sensory input

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34
Q

70% of the nerves in your body sensory receptors are in the eyes

A

To see perceive or recognize something nearly half of your cerebral contra context needs to
involved

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35
Q

Light electromagnetic radiation travelling in waves

A

** wavelength Frequency** is hue (distance between peaks)
Amplitude height is brightness
Purity different wavelengths mixed is saturation (richness)

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36
Q

Psychophysics

A

study of how physical stimuli translates to psychologial experience

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37
Q

Sensation

A

starts with a detectable stimulus

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38
Q

Psychophysics threshold

A

detectable Threshold
Absolute vs Difference

depends on sensory capablities

  • stim intestity can be detected all the time therefor 50% is ABSOLUTE

Absolute - the min amound of stim that can detected

380-700

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39
Q

JND and Weber

A

JND = smallest difference that can be detected (just noticable difference)

WEBER = JND is a constant propotion of the size of original stimulus

Generally the stimuli increases in magnitude the JND increases

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40
Q

SDT

A

Signal detection theory

detecting sensory info is influenced by sensory processes and decisiosn processes.

Stim (present v absent) vs preceiver response (yes v no)

Hit miss, false alarm, correct rejection

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41
Q

Sensory adaption

A

gradual decline in sensitivy due to prolonged exposure

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42
Q

The eye

A

1housing of neural tissue that receives

2 channels light towards retina

Cornea = bump in front of lens

Lens= short fat for close, thin for far away

Iris/pupil = regulates amount of light into the eye

fovea = only corneas, tiny spots

optic disk = spot nerves bunch together to leave the eye

43
Q

Retina

A

Nerve tissue on the back of the eye

layers of cells - form circuits of r/c –> bipolar –> gangolian –> optic chiasm

Cones - colour, fovea 6 million
Rods = outside periphery and 100 million

44
Q

Updown / Topdown visual processing

A
  • sig processing occurs in retina before going to brain
  • receptive fields in retina

bottom up - more time consuiming feature analysis feature detectors

top down - the whole, Stroop effect, percptual processing

45
Q

Optic Chaism / Visual Pathways

A

point when nevers from each eye pass over

main pathway –> Lateral Geniculate Nucleus –> pvc (90% of cells synapse here). ** primarily glutamate excitable**

second pathway –> superior colliculus –> thalamus –>pvc corordinatioens with other snesory input

46
Q

Perceptual processes in Vis System

A

interpretation and perceptual set=. set of readiness to preceieve stim in a specific way.

47
Q

Inattenttional blindness

A

The higher the attentional demand of the takse, the more likely to filter out…

Could there be inattentive blindness in emotion?

Gorilla test

48
Q

Auditory system = Sound

A

vibrations of molecules through physical medium

we can ony hear a portion of available range of sounds

frequency/wavelength - pitch

amplitude(height)- loudness (pressure)

purity- timbre (sound qualty)

49
Q

Ear parts

A

External - Pinna - must turn head condense

Middle - ossicles - Hammer, anvil, stirup vibration

Inner - cochlea - fluid filled hair cells ** waves** nerve cells get stimulated basilar membrane

50
Q

Ear processes

A
  1. sound waves funneled through pinna
  2. sound waves vibrate bones of mid ear via tympanic eardrum
  3. stirrup hits oval window of cochlea, moving fluid
  4. hair cells are stimed by move of basilar membrane (tube)
  5. physical stim converted to neural impulses
  6. nureal impulses sent to thalamas to auditory cortex in temp lobe
    Organ of courti. Sodium channels
    Utricle

BASIIAL MEMBRANE

51
Q

Gustation

A

souable chemical substances - dissolvable in water and saliva)

taste buds in the trenches along the edges

sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami

  • taste is dependant on development and social perpections

-renewed every 10 days,

Papillae / papilla - are the groves

Each taste bud 50 - 150 receptor cells - micro. Villa -. take hair

TastesN depolarize the. cells. 7 9 1 0 solitary tract - thalamus - gusty cortex conscious
Awareness

52
Q

Olfaction. Olfactory epithelium - ethmoid bone

A

-volitile - evaporated
-chemicals dissolved in mucus
- to the olfactory cilia
- through the bone and on to the bulb, along the olfactory tract
- doens’t go through thalmus
- smell influences taste
- taste depends on smell
- odurs aren’t classifiable to degree of other senses
-glomerulus- mitrel cell

40 minillion olfactor receptor neuerons…

53
Q

Touch

A

physcial stimuli - mechanical, thermal, chem energy

six types of receptors
receptors –> spinal chord –> brainstem –> cross body –> thalmus–> somastosesory (PL)

54
Q

pain receptors (free nerve endings)

A

fast A delta - thicker

slow -C fibre - non-mylenated, (1 to 2 secs slower) temprature

55
Q

kinesthetic

A

joint - how much bend
muscle - tautness, extension

like propreioception, knowing where parts of the body are.

same pathway as tactile but they are kept seperate

56
Q

Vestibular

A

sense of balance - gravity
semi-circular canals located in inner eary. above (vestibule) - room cochlea

57
Q

Comparitors

A

things used a baselines

58
Q

Ventral / Dorsal pathway

A

Ventral what

Dorsal Where

vison for perception, vision fo action

59
Q

Agnosia

A

failure to recognize common objects

60
Q

subtractive vs additve colour matching

A

additive - super impove

subtractive - remvoing some wavelength of light

human processing is closer to additive

Trichromats colour theory fo vision - Dichromats -

oppenent process of colour vision theory - holds htat colour perception depends on antagonistic response to three pair colours - (after image is an example of this)

61
Q

Gesalt (whole is more important than the parts)

A

Figure and Ground
Closure
Similarity
Simplicity - law of pragnanz ( organize in good form or ways make sense
Continuity

62
Q

perceptual hypothesis

A

people reconcile the gap between distal and proximal stim by testing what’s real in the world.

∴ we are constantly infering what distal stim is repsonsible for the proximal stim

62
Q

distal vs proximal

A

stims in a distance

stims that touch (impinge) on receptors

perceptual hypothesis

63
Q

binocular and monocular cues

A

binocular- Retinal disparity
convergance

monocular - paralax

64
Q

pictoral depth cues

A

linear
texture
interpostion (relative size)
height in plane
light and shadow

65
Q

balcetis and dunning

A

water bottle appears closer when you’re thirsty.

66
Q

perceptual constancy

A

experience perception as stable perception depsite changing sens input

67
Q

Visual illusions

A

muller-lyer
Ponzo - A
poggendorff - diagnoal segments
Zollner - long diagonal
upside down

68
Q

Transduction (senses)

A

sensory cells translating chemical eltromagnetic and mechanical stimuli into action potentials that our nervous systems can make sense of.

photo receptors
mechano receptors
chemo receptors

69
Q

Tast is 80

A

percent smell

gustory/ basil cells
gustory do the tasting
basil are stem cells that replace them.

taste pore

70
Q

Consciousness is

A

awareness of internal and external stimuli

constantly changing - james an the Stream of conciousness

specfic parts - frontoparietal network and default mode network

71
Q

levels of awareness

A

Freud what is happening below the surface.

consciousness dones’t come from any one specific brain structure by from levels of activity in neural networks throughout the body.

72
Q

Brainwaves are

A

pyshological index of consciousness

freequencey (Cycles per second)
-Delta(<4 cps) Deep Sleep
-Theta(4-7 cps) light sleep
-Alpha(8-12 cps) deep relax, mediation
-beta(13-24 cps) normal walking thought problem solving

73
Q

Biological Rhythms (circadian)

A

24 hour cycels found in humans and aniamls.
- critical for regulation of slepe
- produce rhythmic variations in various other bodiliy functions)
- vary from person to person
- chronotype- each personsl optimal time to fall asleep

74
Q

biologiaal Rhythms (melatonin)

A

light levels –> retina –> suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of hypothalmus –> pineal glad –> secretion of melatonin.

melatonin is a hormone that adjusts biological close

75
Q

SCN

A

suparchasimatic nucleas syncs clocks throughout the brain and body

76
Q

Sleep cycles - 4

A

N1 - brief transitional - 10 mins hypnic jerks, muscle contractsion

N2 - 10-20 mins mixed brain waves with sleep spindles (brief burts of activity)

N3 03 mins slow wave sleep

N4 REM, progressing longer and longer, similiar to awake but paraylisis

dreams can occur outside of REM

90 minute cycle, rem getting longer and longer.

77
Q

RAS and sleep

A

Reticual activating System

afferent fibres run through reticualr formation that influence arousal (pons, medulla, thalmaus)

NT-s in sleep acetylcholine, serotonin (regulates)

78
Q

Why do we sleep

A

hypo1- conserve ors energy
hypo2 - adaptive immobilize during sleep for safety(reduce danger)
hypo3 - helps RESTORE conserve engery and other resources

  • memory consolidation? assimiliating new memories into existing framworks -learning and problem solving - promotes creativity and insight into promblems…. FIRMS UP LEARNING
79
Q

Sleep loss

A

leads to worse health,

REM - slow wave rebound effect, you go right back to it again.

80
Q

Insomina

A

Insomnia - most common - 35% have it, 15% frequently

ocurs in 3 different pattrens
-trouble falling asleep (young)
- trouble remaing asleep (middle age)
-presistent early monring awakening (middle and old age)

more common in men

81
Q

Necrolepsy

A

go directly into REM
usuaully only lasts 10-20 mins
uncommon 0.05%
lost of orexin neurons in the hypothalamus
stimulates can work

82
Q

sleep Apnea

A

reflexive gasping for air that awakens the sleeper
- usualy involes louds snoering,
- causes heart and lung damage.
100’s of times a nght
8% of adults - lifestyle and exerciese
males and olders aduts- can’t recall dreams

83
Q

Nightmares

A

Anxitey arousig dreams that lead to awakening
usually durring REM
5% of adults, 10-50% of children
stress and ptsd - may hae difficulting geting back to sleep

84
Q

Night Terrors

A

Intense autonomic arousal and maybe pain.
non-rem (usually slow wave)
quickly fades and little or no trouble getting back to sleep.
not indicativeof PTSD

85
Q

Somnambulsim

A

15% Children 2.5% adults
tends to happen in 3 first hours of sleep.
causes unknown but is genetic
assocaited with sleep deprivation and stress.
stage n3

86
Q

RBD (rem sleep disorder)

A

not having sleep aparalysis durring REM and acting out dreams

may invole yelling, moving limbs, leaping out of bed

mostly men in 50’s/60’s

sign of deterioration in brainstem structures neurodegenerative

87
Q

DREAMS

A

mental experiences of sleep

typcially during REM, but can also occur during non-REM

DAY residue (freud spillover)

common themes

88
Q

Theories of dreams

A
  1. wish fulfillment
    freud- fulfill ungratified needs from daily life ( manifeest - plot of the dream) (Laten- hidden disguised meaning)
  2. cognitive problem-solving
    Rosalind carwright - cross country skiing - but just because we dream doesn’t mean we’re coming up with solutions
  3. activation-synthesis
    hobson-mcCarley
    a side effect of neural activation - but then what about non REM dreams
89
Q

Hypnosis

A

susceptibiilty = individual differennces
15% good, 15% bad

those who are susceptibile to suggsestion even when not hypnotised.

anesthesia
sensory distortions and hallucinations
disinhibition
posthypnotic suggestions amnesia

90
Q

Theories of hypnosis

A

not well understood, not proved they’re put in alterd states
1. social cognitive theory:role playing
2. alter state of consciouness :dissocation

91
Q

spanos and barber

A

social cognitive theory of hypnosis
people doing what they think they are supposed to do when they hypnotized (role playing)

role expectiation and not trace responsible for trance

but experts say dont’ think roleplaying because people act hypnotized even when alone, and there are difference in brain activity

DISSOCATION - argues that hypnosis splits consciousness into two streams. 1. external world with hypnotists and 2. hidden observer

92
Q

Meditation

A

Focused attetion = tries to concentrate on one mantra or object or idea while shutting out other ideas

open monitoring = being mindful of receiving sensory and other stimulation in objective, non judgmental fashion.

some types blend them togehter

physiological benefits = relaxed EEG

CT scanes show hig PFC activity and low Parietal lobe activity, may expalin tanscendant experiences

93
Q

DRUGS psychoactive

A

drugs that modify mental, emotional, or behaviour fuctioning

1)narcotics (opiods)
2)sedatives
3)stimulates
4)hallucinogens
5)cannabis
6)alcohol

94
Q

Opiodes narcotics

A

reduce pain, overwhelminng sense of euphoria, (heroin, morphine, codeine, demerol, methadone, oxycodone, fentanyl

95
Q

sedatives

A

sleep inducing -
(barbiturates, downers)

96
Q

Stimulants

A

increase CNS activity
alterness excitement - euphoric
includes caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines

97
Q

Hallucinogens

A

pleasent or nightmarish
distored sensory and perceptual experience
(LSD, mescaline, psilocybin)

98
Q

5.Cannabis

A

hashish, marijuana

THC is the active chemical which causes mild, relaxed euphoria, and enhanced sensroy awareness but unintented effects can be anxiet and sluggish functioning an memory imparement

99
Q

6 alcholol

A

most widely used,
euphoria, boosts of self-esteem, and decreases inhibitions

impairs motor fuctions and results in mood swings.

you can die from withdrawal

100
Q

MDMA

A

may have long term effects
produces warm friendly euphoria
compound is related to amphetamines and hallucinogenes

101
Q

factors influencing experinece of drug use

A

age/weight/mood/motivation/exexpectation of effect/ previous drug experience

setting and novelty can greatly effect the potency

102
Q

Drug dependance

A

physical dependance -
withdrawl symptoms (conditioned response) alcohol and opiods

psychological depenance-
must continue use to satisfy mental and emotional cravings. rare with hallucinongens

Psych101 (3 decks)

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