3-5 Flashcards

Question

glial

Answer 1

glue csf immunne Soma means body

Answer 2

1/20 the voltage of a flashlight action potentials (1000 times per second)

Answer 3

spacial at close dendrites - when I bunch Postsynaptic dendrites fires in at once temporal - when one does over and over again even for an eyelid to move millions of neurons must fire in unison

Answer 4

destorying parts of the brain

Answer 5

electrical stimulation of the brain

Answer 6

computerized tomography magnetic resonance imaging electroencephalograph positrong emisson tomography (chemical) functionMagnetic resonance imaging TRANScranila magnetic stimulation TMS

Answer 7

broca speech wernicke - understanding

Answer 8

Sensation : stimulation of sense organs Percetions : interpretation, organization of sensory input

Answer 9

To see perceive or recognize something nearly half of your cerebral contra context needs to involved

Answer 10

** wavelength Frequency** is hue (distance between peaks) **Amplitude** height is brightness **Purity** different wavelengths mixed is saturation (richness)

Answer 11

study of how physical stimuli translates to psychologial experience

Answer 12

starts with a detectable stimulus

Answer 13

detectable Threshold Absolute vs Difference depends on sensory capablities - stim intestity can be detected all the time therefor 50% is ABSOLUTE **Absolute** - the min amound of stim that can detected 380-700

Answer 14

JND = smallest difference that can be detected (just noticable difference) WEBER = JND is a constant propotion of the size of original stimulus Generally the stimuli increases in magnitude the JND increases

Answer 15

Signal detection theory detecting sensory info is influenced by sensory processes and decisiosn processes. Stim (present v absent) vs preceiver response (yes v no) Hit miss, false alarm, correct rejection

Answer 16

gradual decline in sensitivy due to prolonged exposure

Answer 17

1housing of neural tissue that receives 2 channels light towards retina Cornea = bump in front of lens Lens= short fat for close, thin for far away Iris/pupil = regulates amount of light into the eye fovea = only corneas, tiny spots optic disk = spot nerves bunch together to leave the eye

Answer 18

Nerve tissue on the back of the eye layers of cells - form circuits of r/c --> bipolar --> gangolian --> optic chiasm Cones - colour, fovea 6 million Rods = outside periphery and 100 million

Answer 19

- sig processing occurs in retina before going to brain - receptive fields in retina bottom up - more time consuiming **feature analysis** feature detectors top down - the whole, Stroop effect, percptual processing

Answer 20

point when nevers from each eye pass over main pathway --> Lateral Geniculate Nucleus --> pvc (90% of cells synapse here). ** primarily glutamate excitable** second pathway --> superior colliculus --> thalamus -->pvc **corordinatioens with other snesory input**

Answer 21

interpretation and perceptual set=. set of readiness to preceieve stim in a specific way.

Answer 22

The higher the attentional demand of the takse, the more likely to filter out... Could there be inattentive blindness in emotion? **Gorilla test**

Answer 23

vibrations of molecules through physical medium we can ony hear a portion of available range of sounds frequency/wavelength - pitch amplitude(height)- loudness (pressure) purity- timbre (sound qualty)

Answer 24

External - Pinna - must turn head **condense** Middle - ossicles - Hammer, anvil, stirup **vibration** Inner - cochlea - fluid filled hair cells ** waves** nerve cells get stimulated basilar membrane

Answer 25

1. sound waves funneled through pinna 2. sound waves vibrate bones of mid ear via tympanic eardrum 3. stirrup hits oval window of cochlea, moving fluid 4. hair cells are stimed by move of basilar membrane (tube) 5. physical stim converted to neural impulses 6. nureal impulses sent to thalamas to auditory cortex in temp lobe Organ of courti. Sodium channels Utricle BASIIAL MEMBRANE

Answer 26

souable chemical substances - dissolvable in water and saliva) taste buds in the trenches along the edges sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami - taste is dependant on development and social perpections -renewed every 10 days, Papillae / papilla - are the groves Each taste bud 50 - 150 receptor cells - micro. Villa -. take hair TastesN depolarize the. cells. 7 9 1 0 solitary tract - thalamus - gusty cortex conscious Awareness

Answer 27

-volitile - evaporated -chemicals dissolved in mucus - to the olfactory cilia - through the bone and on to the bulb, along the olfactory tract - doens't go through thalmus - smell influences taste - taste depends on smell - odurs aren't classifiable to degree of other senses -glomerulus- mitrel cell 40 minillion olfactor receptor neuerons...

Answer 28

physcial stimuli - mechanical, thermal, chem energy six types of receptors receptors --> spinal chord --> brainstem --> cross body --> thalmus--> somastosesory (PL)

Answer 29

fast A delta - thicker slow -C fibre - non-mylenated, (1 to 2 secs slower) temprature

Answer 30

joint - how much bend muscle - tautness, extension like propreioception, knowing where parts of the body are. same pathway as tactile but they are kept seperate

Answer 31

sense of balance - gravity semi-circular canals located in inner eary. above (vestibule) - room cochlea

Answer 32

things used a baselines

Answer 33

Ventral what Dorsal Where vison for perception, vision fo action

Answer 34

failure to recognize common objects

Answer 35

additive - super impove subtractive - remvoing some wavelength of light human processing is closer to additive Trichromats colour theory fo vision - Dichromats - oppenent process of colour vision theory - holds htat colour perception depends on antagonistic response to three pair colours - (after image is an example of this)

Answer 36

Figure and Ground Closure Similarity Simplicity - law of pragnanz ( organize in good form or ways make sense Continuity

Answer 37

people reconcile the gap between distal and proximal stim by testing what's real in the world. ∴ we are constantly infering what distal stim is repsonsible for the proximal stim

Answer 38

stims in a distance stims that touch (impinge) on receptors perceptual hypothesis

Answer 39

binocular- Retinal disparity convergance monocular - paralax

Answer 40

linear texture interpostion (relative size) height in plane light and shadow

Answer 41

water bottle appears closer when you're thirsty.

Answer 42

experience perception as stable perception depsite changing sens input

Answer 43

muller-lyer Ponzo - A poggendorff - diagnoal segments Zollner - long diagonal upside down

Answer 44

sensory cells translating chemical eltromagnetic and mechanical stimuli into action potentials that our nervous systems can make sense of. photo receptors mechano receptors chemo receptors

Answer 45

percent smell gustory/ basil cells gustory do the tasting basil are stem cells that replace them. taste pore

Answer 46

awareness of internal and external stimuli constantly changing - james an the Stream of conciousness specfic parts - frontoparietal network and default mode network

Answer 47

Freud what is happening below the surface. consciousness dones't come from any one specific brain structure by from levels of activity in neural networks throughout the body.

Answer 48

pyshological index of consciousness freequencey (Cycles per second) -Delta(<4 cps) Deep Sleep -Theta(4-7 cps) light sleep -Alpha(8-12 cps) deep relax, mediation -beta(13-24 cps) normal walking thought problem solving

Answer 49

24 hour cycels found in humans and aniamls. - critical for regulation of slepe - produce rhythmic variations in various other bodiliy functions) - vary from person to person - chronotype- each personsl optimal time to fall asleep

Answer 50

light levels --> retina --> suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of hypothalmus --> pineal glad --> secretion of melatonin. melatonin is a hormone that adjusts biological close

Answer 51

suparchasimatic nucleas syncs clocks throughout the brain and body

Answer 52

**N1** - brief transitional - 10 mins hypnic jerks, muscle contractsion **N2** - 10-20 mins mixed brain waves with sleep spindles (brief burts of activity) **N3** 03 mins slow wave sleep **N4** REM, progressing longer and longer, similiar to awake but paraylisis dreams can occur outside of REM 90 minute cycle, rem getting longer and longer.

Answer 53

Reticual activating System afferent fibres run through reticualr formation that influence arousal (pons, medulla, thalmaus) NT-s in sleep acetylcholine, serotonin (regulates)

Answer 54

hypo1- conserve ors energy hypo2 - adaptive immobilize during sleep for safety(reduce danger) hypo3 - helps RESTORE conserve engery and other resources - memory consolidation? assimiliating new memories into existing framworks -learning and problem solving - promotes creativity and insight into promblems.... FIRMS UP LEARNING

Answer 55

leads to worse health, REM - slow wave rebound effect, you go right back to it again.

Answer 56

Insomnia - most common - 35% have it, 15% frequently ocurs in 3 different pattrens -trouble falling asleep (young) - trouble remaing asleep (middle age) -presistent early monring awakening (middle and old age) more common in men

Answer 57

go directly into REM usuaully only lasts 10-20 mins uncommon 0.05% lost of **orexin** neurons in the hypothalamus stimulates can work

Answer 58

reflexive gasping for air that awakens the sleeper - usualy involes louds snoering, - causes heart and lung damage. 100's of times a nght 8% of adults - lifestyle and exerciese males and olders aduts- can't recall dreams

Answer 59

Anxitey arousig dreams that lead to awakening usually durring REM 5% of adults, 10-50% of children stress and ptsd - may hae difficulting geting back to sleep

Answer 60

Intense autonomic arousal and maybe pain. non-rem (usually slow wave) quickly fades and little or no trouble getting back to sleep. not indicativeof PTSD

Answer 61

15% Children 2.5% adults tends to happen in 3 first hours of sleep. causes unknown but is genetic assocaited with sleep deprivation and stress. stage n3

Answer 62

not having sleep aparalysis durring REM and acting out dreams may invole yelling, moving limbs, leaping out of bed mostly men in 50's/60's sign of deterioration in brainstem structures neurodegenerative

Answer 63

mental experiences of sleep typcially during REM, but can also occur during non-REM DAY residue (freud spillover) common themes

Answer 64

1. wish fulfillment freud- fulfill ungratified needs from daily life ( manifeest - plot of the dream) (Laten- hidden disguised meaning) 2. cognitive problem-solving Rosalind carwright - cross country skiing - but just because we dream doesn't mean we're coming up with solutions 3. activation-synthesis hobson-mcCarley a side effect of neural activation - but then what about non REM dreams

Answer 65

susceptibiilty = individual differennces 15% good, 15% bad those who are susceptibile to suggsestion even when not hypnotised. anesthesia sensory distortions and hallucinations disinhibition posthypnotic suggestions amnesia

Answer 66

not well understood, not proved they're put in alterd states 1. social cognitive theory:role playing 2. alter state of consciouness :dissocation

Answer 67

social cognitive theory of hypnosis people doing what they think they are supposed to do when they hypnotized (role playing) role expectiation and not trace responsible for trance but experts say dont' think roleplaying because people act hypnotized even when alone, and there are difference in brain activity DISSOCATION - argues that hypnosis splits consciousness into two streams. 1. external world with hypnotists and 2. hidden observer

Answer 68

Focused attetion = tries to concentrate on one mantra or object or idea while shutting out other ideas open monitoring = being mindful of receiving sensory and other stimulation in objective, non judgmental fashion. some types blend them togehter physiological benefits = relaxed EEG CT scanes show hig PFC activity and low Parietal lobe activity, may expalin tanscendant experiences

Answer 69

drugs that modify mental, emotional, or behaviour fuctioning 1)narcotics (opiods) 2)sedatives 3)stimulates 4)hallucinogens 5)cannabis 6)alcohol

Answer 70

reduce pain, overwhelminng sense of euphoria, (heroin, morphine, codeine, demerol, methadone, oxycodone, fentanyl

Answer 71

sleep inducing - (barbiturates, downers)

Answer 72

increase CNS activity alterness excitement - euphoric includes caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines

Answer 73

pleasent or nightmarish distored sensory and perceptual experience (LSD, mescaline, psilocybin)

Answer 74

hashish, marijuana THC is the active chemical which causes mild, relaxed euphoria, and enhanced sensroy awareness but unintented effects can be anxiet and sluggish functioning an memory imparement

Answer 75

most widely used, euphoria, boosts of self-esteem, and decreases inhibitions impairs motor fuctions and results in mood swings. you can die from withdrawal

Answer 76

may have long term effects produces warm friendly euphoria compound is related to amphetamines and hallucinogenes

Answer 77

age/weight/mood/motivation/exexpectation of effect/ previous drug experience setting and novelty can greatly effect the potency

Answer 78

physical dependance - withdrawl symptoms (conditioned response) alcohol and opiods psychological depenance- must continue use to satisfy mental and emotional cravings. **rare with hallucinongens**