1-2 Flashcards
Two main types of Statistics
Descriptive - organize and sumerize (measure - central tendency, variablity, correlation )
Inferential - laws of probability to generalizability of findings (NHSignifcanceTest, alternative hypoth, statistically signifcant)
Central Tendancy m m m
Mean - avearage of all
Median - the score that falls exaclty in the middle of the distribution score
Mode - the most frequent score.
Standard Deviation (variablity)
Bigger the value the bigger away the spred of values ( the average the difference in values… or the dispertion away from it’s average (not covariance).
Covariance is how they move together
Correlation / Correlation Coefficient tells us
Tells us strength of relationship and direction (+/-)
0 means no relationship / 1 is total
positive and negative corelation
corelation ≠ causation
Corelation can tell what varriables are related by not how. Corelations doens’t tell us causation.
Statistically Signifcant
Goals of Psychologists m p c
Measurement and Descrption
Understanding and Prediction
Applicaton and Control
Psychology theory:
a system of interrelated ideas (must be testable) that is used to explain a set of observations
to move from description to understanding
1.a theory must be testable,
2.theory develops a hyplotheisis to research and test.
3.hypothesis is a tentative statement about relationship between varriables.
Scientific Process psychologist
- Formulate Testable hypothesis
- select the research method, design study
- data collection
- data analysis / interpretation
- write up findings for pubs
Operation definitions
a description of the action used to measure or control a variable
(how are we defining, how are we measuring)
1.formulate hypothesis from
hypothesis or prediction can come from Theory, Practical problem or idea
2select research method
choose from various approaches observation, measurement, manipulation in empirical studies
experiments -descriptive/correlational
develop procedure, choose participants
3.Collect the data
direct obs, questionnaire, interveiw, psych test, physiological/neural recording, exam archive records
4Analyze and interpret
q and q
choose analytic strategy
QUANTITATIVE: data are numbers
QUALITATIVE: non-numeric
could be both.
5Publish
scientific journal / peer review 2 to 3 experts
fundamental to scientific process
There are open access journals
Advantages of scientific approach
Clarity and pre* and int*
clarity and precision - cleary indicate and express idea
intolerance of error - important duty as scientist
Indepent / dependent variable
investigate manipulates IND variable, observes changes in second DEP variable (only method where we can make cause and effect conclusion)
ind varies - dep affected
Groups
Experiment group
Control group
randome assigment to cont or exp group
Extraneous variables
extra variables or 3rd variable that could effect dependent variable.
3rd value like foot size
This can lead to a confounding of varriables where it’s difficult to make out effects
Descriptive / Correlational research
descipriction of behaviour / identify assocaitions between varriables
when we can’t get ethics clearance or don’t interfere with participents
Descriptive Corelate - Naturalistic Observations
Advantages- more realistic, helpful if little is know
Disadvantages - reactivity of subjects, coverting obs into numbers
Descriptive Corelate - Case study
indepth invest of individual or group
HM
Advantage - provide detail insight
Disavantage - easily influenced by researcher confirmation bias
descriptive corelate - Survey
Survey/questionare most popular
advantages- easy/inexpensive, data on hard to observer behaviour, large samples
disadvantages- selfreport is unreliable, can’t draw causal conclusions(same with most desc/core, can’t trust peoples opions of themselves.
descriptive/correlate - advant/disadvant
advant - examine topics you coudlnt’ using experiments, broadens schope of psychology
disadvant- can manipulate variables like in experiments, can’t determin causality
Willhem Wundt
Liepzig , first lab, first pubs -
believed psychology should examine consciousness and the awareness of the immediate experience Focus on the mind
Structuralists vs Functionalist
S - Edward Bradford Titchener ( basic elements or structures of psych experience. sensation, images, feelings HOW WE FEEL. Highly trained INTROSPECTIONISTS… Os.Kulpe points out imagelss thought
F - William James (why we feel, was is the adaptive PURPOSE of consciouness, aka why we forget. influceed Dawing Orgin of Special, says structualist are missing the nature of consciousness. STREAM OF CONSIOUSNESS
Fuctionalism turns into Behaviourism
John b Watson. Only wanted objectivite. claims should be verified or disproved. Strick scientific method. Response - Stimuli
Freud
influenced by medical backgound. psychoanalysis not scientifically rigourous.
SLOWed scientific progressed?
Claim that thought and processing occured outside of awareness and influenced behavior proved to be true (AWARNESS)
Behaviourism and Skinner
we can’t deny things happen in the black box but we can’t prove it
must be observable / eviromental factors determin behaviour (not inate)
BEYOND FREEDOM AND DIGNITY
free will is an illusion, significant contrib to psychology
reversed the impact of freud psychoanalytic theory but linguistics stay to simplisitc.
Humanism
felt psychoanalytic theory and behaviourism was de-humanizing
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
optomistic views of humanity- to understand behaviour we need to understand peoples need to evolve and fulfill their potential.
lack of coheision was an issue but Person centre therapy
Person Centred Therapy
1 unconditional positive regard
2. extend empathy
3. transparency don’t try to be the sole expert in theraputic relationship
Cognitiver Revoloution and Neuroscience
disillusioned with BeHave neglect of mental processes in cognition….
reward and punishment not enough doesn’t explain interpretation. poverty of stimulus
James Oldes
found reward system in the mesocortical limbic circuit of brain, implanted stimulating electors in animal brains
Wilder Penfield (Montreal procedure) for epilepsy
Proved there are specific regions for specific functions (memories and thoughts)
Donald HEBB
father of Neuropsychology
develops specific new tests(head injureis)
Organization of behavior
Fire together, wire togehter
We finally see inside the black box
Culture and Diversity
Focused on Western Cultures
Evolutionary Psychology
starts in 1980s. examines behaviours processes in tersm of their adaptive value of passing on genes Similar to functionalism
Positive Pschology - APA
Martin Seligman
after WWII pschology turns from research to clinical and gets to rigidity. Wants to investigate happiness and creative and fulfilling aspects of human existence. (3 good things task)
definitnion of Psychology
Greek
psyche = soul
logos - the sutdy of
16th centrey study of the soul, spirit, mind
17 study of mind
Two main distinctions CLINICLAL and RESEARCH
empirical method makes p an S
psychology a scientifc endeavour with objective evidence based on fact
Goals of scientific enterprise
- measurement and description
- understanding and prediction
- application and control
advantage of scientific approach 1. clarity and precision 2. intolerance for error
operational definition describes
the actions or operations that will be used to measure or control a variable
orientation procedures
eg. anxiety from being told you’re going to be shocked to evoke anxiety
Random assignment and sampling
samping is pulled after the face
Within subjects / Between subjects
comparison made within groups or between groups
Generalizability
researcher may sacrifice some control for greater generalizability
Naturalistic observation
careful observation without intervening directly with the participants. naturalistic allows researchers to study behviour under conditions that are less artifical , but reactivity can occur
corealation/causation
no way to pove correlated variables are causually related.
corealation occurs when two variables are related to each other
Statistics
math used to interpret numerical data
Normal distribution
symmetrical bell shaped curve
the importance of replication
repetition of a study to prove that the results are duplicated
Self Reporting and social disrerablity
People can’t be trusted in surveys
Double Blind
Where the experimenters don’t know what group the participants are in.
Theory Vs Hypothesis
Theory has an explanation a hypothesis does not
postitive and negative correlation
positive - variables move together. negative variables move a part
mortgage/interst(neg) vs study/grades(pos)
