Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Term 5: Neuro > 6/4- Higher Cortical Function II > Flashcards

6/4- Higher Cortical Function II Flashcards

1
Q

Is language controlled by both hemispheres equally or unequally? If unequally, which is more important?

A

The left hemisphere is mostly in charge of language.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

It was found that patients with language deficits (aphasias) had damage to ____?

A

It was found that patients with language deficits (aphasias) had damage to the left hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where is Broca’s area?

A

Small area in left inferior prefrontal cortex

(nearish primary motor cortex and articulation areas)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Broca’s aphasia?

A

Problem with speech production: expressive aphasia

  • Normal comprehension, speech is meaningful… but awkward (comprehension fine; output damaged)
  • Can’t express self, either verbally, written, or via sign language
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What artery supplies Broca’s area?

A

Middle cerebral artery (posterior)

  • Could also result from tumors or strokes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does Broca’s aphasia affect the mouth/articulatory systems?

A

It doesn’t.

Nothing is wrong with the mouth or articulatory systems; it is NOT apraxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area?

A

Just posterior to primary auditory cortex

(superior temporal gyrus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

Receptive aphasia

  • Reduced language comprehension (can’t understand others or self)
  • Reduced ability to produce intelligible speech
  • Speech sounds normal but has no meaning: ‘word salad’, jargon, neologisms, logorrhea, uninhibited output
  • “Lost in a fog of sounds, words, and references that mean nothing”
  • Can’t name objects
  • Affects all language (NOT an apraxia), written output is also impaired, and a deaf pt makes gibberish sign language
  • Pts who recover report that while aphasic, they found the speech of others to be unintelligible and, despite being cognizant of that fact that they were speaking, they could neither stop themselves nor understand their own words (can still detect intonation, sarcasm, humor, but not meaning)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

T/F: Broca’s affects all language

T/F: Wernicke’s affects all language

A

True: Broca’s affects all language

True: Wernicke’s affects all language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which patient suffers more: Broca’s or Wernicke’s aphasia?

A
  • Broca’s patient realizes impairment and suffers from it; often depressed
  • Wernicke’s aphasics usually do not understand why people aren’t understanding them
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Affected areas of brain in Broca’s vs. Wernicke’s aphasia (picture)

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What connects Wernicke’s and Broca’s area?

A

Arcuate fasciculus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is conduction aphasia? What would you observe?

A

The arcuate fasciculus connects Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas

  • Comprehension and speech normal, but unable to repeat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is global aphasia? What causes it?

A

All the disability of Broca’s, Wernicke’s, and conduction aphasias combined:

  • Cannot speak
  • Cannot comprehend
  • Cannot repeat

Typically caused by infarct of middle cerebral artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is alexia?

A

Inability to read

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is agraphia?

A

Inability to write

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Damage where causes inability to read or write (alexia/agraphia)?

A

Left angular gyrus (nearer visual system)

Goes to Broca’s area still for comprehension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Picture comparing language input for heard/read words and pathway to output

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How is hemisphere dominance determined?

A

Wada test (sodium amytal)

  • Anesthetize one hemisphere with barbiturates in carotid and check for language function

Functional brain imaging

  • Use fMRI to see which half is active when doing a language test
20
Q

Which hemisphere is normally dominant? How does this change for right vs. left-handed people?

A

Left- hemisphere is dominant in almost all right-handers and most left-handers

21
Q

What is the right hemisphere in charge of language-wise?

A

Understanding musicality; also inflection and sarcasm…

22
Q

What does the frontal cortex control?

Damage results in what?

A
  • Intentionality, purposefulness, complex decision making
  • Damage -> loss of self, mind, judgment, social interaction, executive control
  • Leadership/executive control (only necessary when an organization reaches a certain size and complexity; provides balance and decides when to grant autonomy) (as opposed to damage of posterior brain where damage leads to loss of sensation or movement functionality)
23
Q

What are the three divisions of the frontal lobe?

Where are they located?

A

Primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus)

Premotor cortex (anterior to primary cortex)

Prefrontal cortex

24
Q

What does a lesion to the primary motor cortex cause?

A

Weakness and paralysis of contralateral muscles

25
Q

What does a lesion to the premotor cortex cause?

A

Difficulty in producing coordinated movements

26
Q

What does a lesion to the prefrontal cortex?

A

Impaired ability to execute plans

27
Q

What can cause damage to frontal lobes?

A
  • Congenital
  • Stress
  • TBI
  • Anterior cerebral artery stroke
  • Frontotemporal degeneration (e.g. Pick’s disease)
28
Q

What are symptoms of people with frontal lobe damage?

A
  • Cognition disintegrates and ultimately collapses with frontal lobe damage, like a leaderless army
  • Superficial appearance of normality
  • Inability to coordinate mental functions taking unseen goals into account
  • Disinhibition and lack of behavioral control (impulsive, quick to anger, rude comments)
  • Stimulus-bound
  • Emotional impairments (reduced ability to recognize others’ emotional states; irritable, aggressive, alteration of patient’s moods and emotions)
  • Difficulty planning and organizing their lives
  • Impaired working memory (delayed response task impairments)
29
Q

Are these decisions impeded by frontal dysfunction:

1) If I have $100 in my pocket and loan you $30, how much do I have left?

2) Should I dress as a hippie, zombie, or a superhero for Halloween?

A

Only 2) is impeded

30
Q

What are the main parts of the prefrontal cortex (PFC)?

A
  • Dorsolateral
  • Ventromedial/orbitofrontal
31
Q

What is the dorsolateral PFC in charge of?

A

“Cold” system

  • Working memory
  • Holding and manipulating objects
  • Impersonal problems
32
Q

What is the ventromedial/orbitofrontal PFC in charge of?

A

“Hot” system

  • Decision making affected
  • Moral judgments affected Orbitofrontal
  • Required for putting aside attractive things to further a longer term strategy (e.g. suppressing urge to grab/eat food; children have a hard time with such suppression in part due to slow maturation of frontal lobe)

Ventromedial

  • Connection, meaning
  • Decision-making
33
Q

What is seen with people with dorsolateral PFC damage?

A

Damage -> undermines ability to monitor own performance and to learn from mistakes

Dorsolateral syndrome -> “inertia”

  • Pt cannot stop
  • e.g. Wisconsin card sorting task: unable to change ways, even when old ways fail to bring reward
34
Q

What is seen with people with orbitofrontal PFC damage?

A

Damage -> environmental dependency syndrome

  • When confronted by some cue that affords something, they cannot resist
  • e.g. see a hammer and nail, cannot help but use it or crawl into bed if sheets are turned down
35
Q

What part of the brain was damaged in Phineas Gage?

How did this affect him?

A

Orbitofrontal PFC

  • He became unable to follow through with plans
36
Q

What is Orbitofrontal Syndrome?

A

Emotional disinhibition:

  • Oscillate between euphoria and rage
  • No foresight into the consequence of their actions
  • “Not immoral, but amoral”

Sexual aggression

  • Men with orbito-frontal damage often have changes in sexual behavior (e.g. from loveable/gentle to sexual, over-forceful pest who won’t take no for an answer)

Shoplifting

Irresponsible with money

“Immature” personality

  • Selfish, boastful, puerile, profane, sexually explicit
  • Like a drunken adolescent

Formerly “pseudopsychopathic” syndrome

37
Q

Where is the ventromedial PFC compared to the orbitofrontal?

A

Ventromedial is just superior to orbitofrontal

38
Q

What is the ventromedial PFC in charge of?

A
  • Connection, meaning
  • Decision making
39
Q

Lowered activity in the ventromedial PFC causes what? Higher activity?

A

Lower -> depression (events are fragmented, making all meaningless)

Higher -> mania, paranoia (have in common increased connectivity between everything)

40
Q

What does this patient have?

  • Left frontal lobe shrunken, right missing
  • Monstrous social behavior
  • Complete absence of anxiety, incapacity for insight, inability to learn from punishment
  • “an unawareness of his total life situation involving todays and tomorrows”
  • In and out of prisons and psychiatric hospitals
  • “a very simplified human organism with only rudimentary mechanisms for social adjustment”
A

(Patient J.P.)

Widespread prefrontal cortex (PFC) damage

41
Q

What does this patient have?

  • “The case of the sudden pedophile”
  • 40 yo man, normal sexual appetite
  • Increasing interest in pedophilia
A

Massive frontal lobe tumor

  • When tumor was removed, sexual behavior returned to normal
42
Q

What does this picture show?

What symptoms are expected?

A

Frontotemporal lobar degeneration

Three clinical syndromes:

- Frontotemporal dementia

- Semantic dementia

- Progressive nonfluent aphasia

43
Q

Frontotemporal lobe degeneration is the ___ most common cause of dementia in people > 65 yo? In people younger than 65 yo, FTLD is the ___ MCC of dementai?

A

Frontotemporal lobe degeneration is the 4th most common cause of dementia in those over 65, and the 2nd most common cause in people under 65

44
Q

What is seen in frontotemporal dementia?

A
  • Disinhibition + diminished emotional concern for consequences
  • Sociopathic behavior in 57% of FTLD pts (unsolicited sexual acts, traffic violations, physical assaults, other unacceptable behaviors)
  • Aware of their behavior and knew it was wrong but could not prevent impulsive acting
  • Claimed subsequent remorse, but did not act on it or show concern for the consequences
45
Q

In the eyes of the law, responsibility parallels ______?

A

In the eyes of the law, responsibility parallels volitional control

(Can get in trouble from vomiting in public [but not if food poisoning], crashing a car [but not if epileptic seizure], shouting profanities [but not in Tourette’s])

Term 5: Neuro (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions